Magnetic-programmable organohydrogels with reconfigurable network for mechanical homeostasis
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y Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China 2 Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China 3 Research Institute of Frontier Science, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China 4 International Research Institute for Multidisciplinary Science, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China © Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020 Received: 29 June 2020 / Revised: 1 August 2020 / Accepted: 27 August 2020
ABSTRACT Synthetic materials with tunable mechanical properties have great potential in soft robotics and biomedical engineering. However, current materials are limited to the mechanical duality altering their mechanical properties only between soft and hard states and lack of consecutively programmable mechanics. Herein, the magnetic-programmable organohydrogels with heterogeneous dynamic architecture are designed by encasing oleophilic ferrofluid droplets into hydrogel matrix. As magnetic field increases, the mechanical properties of organohydrogels can be consecutively modulated owing to the gradual formation of chain-like assembly structures of nanoparticles. The storage modulus G′increases by 2.5 times when magnetic field goes up to 0.35 T. Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) confirms the reconfigurable orientation of nanoparticles and the organohydrogels show reversible modulus switching. Besides, the materials also exhibit high stretchability, magnetic actuation behavior and effective self-healing capability. Furthermore, the organohydrogels are applied into the design of effectors with mechanical adaptivity. When subjected to serious external perturbations, the effector can maintain mechanical homeostasis by regulating modulus of organohydrogel under applied magnetic field. Such materials are applicable to homeostatic systems with mechanically adaptive behaviors and programmed responses to external force stimuli.
KEYWORDS magnetic-programmable mechanics, organohydrogels, reconfigurable network, ferrofluid, mechanical homeostasis
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Introduction
Complex mechanical changes in response to an external trigger are common and significant for the synergistic functionality of biological tissues [1]. For instance, echinoderms such as sea cucumbers have mutable connective tissues that can alter their mechanical properties for safety and protection [2]. Smart materials with tunable mechanics are desired in many technological areas including microfluidics, biomedical engineering, and soft robotics [3–5]. These materials generally relied on stimuli responsive polymers [6–9], phase transition materials [10–12], electric and magnetic rheological systems [13–15]. However, a key limitation for these smart materials is that they only possess mechanical duality, allowing modulus to alter between soft and hard states. Currently, the development of materials capable of consecutively programmable mechanical propert
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