Main bacterial species causing clinical disease in ornamental freshwater fish in Brazil
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Main bacterial species causing clinical disease in ornamental freshwater fish in Brazil Pedro H. M. Cardoso 1 & Luisa Z. Moreno 1,2 & Carolina H. de Oliveira 1 & Vasco T. M. Gomes 1 & Ana Paula S. Silva 1 & Mikaela R. F. Barbosa 3 & Maria Inês Z. Sato 3 & Simone C. Balian 1 & Andrea M. Moreno 1 Received: 6 May 2020 / Accepted: 5 November 2020 # Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. 2020
Abstract Bacterial diseases are common in ornamental fish, more frequently associated with ubiquitous bacteria from the aquarium environment. The disease can lead to fish mortality and cause high economic losses if not rapidly controlled. The aim of this study was to identify the main causative bacterial agents of infection in ornamental fish with different clinical signs. A total of 126 freshwater fish, from 12 families and 38 species, with clinical signs were collected in a wholesaler in São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Samples were taken from the eye, skin ulcers, kidneys, and gills, plated on MacConkey, CHROMagar Orientation, and blood agar and incubated under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Bacterial identification was performed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. From the 126 studied animals, 112 were positive for bacterial isolation. Among the positive animals, 32.1% presented infection caused by a single bacterial species, while in the remaining 67.9%, two to six different bacterial species were identified. A total of 259 bacterial strains were obtained and classified among 46 bacterial species. The species of higher frequency were Aeromonas veronii (26.3%), Aeromonas hydrophilla (16.2%), Shewanella putrefaciens (7.3%), Citrobacter freundii (8.1%), Vibrio albensis (5.8%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (4.2%). MALDI-TOF MS showed to be a rapid method for diagnosis of bacterial disease outbreaks in ornamental fish establishments. Keywords Animal health . Bacterial disease . Fish disease . Diagnosis in fish
Introduction The ornamental fish industry is characterized by aggregation of numerous species from multiple sources and countries, often from developing countries like Singapore, Hong Kong, Brazil, Colombia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nigeria, Peru, Sri Lanka, and Thailand, which frequently export fish to developed countries. An estimate of 5000 freshwater and 1450 marine fish species have been kept in aquariums as pet fish. Most of the ornamental fish trade (90%) is from freshwater
* Andrea M. Moreno [email protected] 1
Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de São Paulo, Professor Dr. Orlando Marques Paiva, São Paulo, SP CEP: 05508270, Brazil
2
Centro Universitário Max Planck (UniMax), Indaiatuba, Brazil
3
Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB), São Paulo, Brazil
species, which are farm-bred, while the marine species are predominantly wild-caught (Whittington and Chong 2007). In Brazil, ornamental fish is the fourth most common companion animal in Brazilian homes (ABINPET 2019). Bacterial diseases
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