Marchantia polymorpha subsp. ruderalis (Bischl. & Boissel.-Dub.)-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi interaction: beneficia
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Marchantia polymorpha subsp. ruderalis (Bischl. & Boissel.-Dub.) -arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi interaction: beneficial or harmful? Jorge Poveda 1 Received: 13 June 2020 / Accepted: 14 August 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Marchantia polymorpha is a common liverwort whose use as a model plant in physiological and evolutionary processes is increasing in recent years. As far as plant-microorganism interactions are concerned, there are still few studies conducted with M. polymorpha. Specifically, in the interaction of M. polymorpha with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), it has been described how AMF colonize the M. polymorpha tissues, without knowing more about the interaction. In this study, M. polymorpha is inoculated with different AMF formulations, analyzing the direct effect on M. polymorpha’s growth and the nutritional content, along with stress responses. Moreover, expression levels of defense genes in M. polymorpha were analyzed. The results obtained showed how M. polymorpha-AMF interaction is detrimental to plant under in vitro conditions. A reduction in its growth and viability of its tissues was observed, in addition to an increase only in nutritional content of those elements related to plant defenses, together with the reactive oxygen species (ROS) content. Rhizophagus fasciculatus is only present in the formulation that causes major damage to the plant, including symptoms of tissue damage, and that mostly colonizes the plant. It suggests its possible role as a plant pathogen, due to the inability of M. polymorpha to defend it against the AMF by the route of salicylic acid (SA). Keywords Marchantia polymorpha . Liverwort . Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi . Plant-microbe interactions . Plant defense . Plant colonization
1 Introduction Marchantia polymorpha (L.) represents the most widely distributed common liverwort in temperate regions. Taxonomically, M. polymorpha belongs to the Marchantiales subclass (with most of 400 species), which in turn belongs to the Marchantiopsida class, Marchantiophyta division, and the Bryophyta sensu lato superdivision. Marchantia polymorpha thallus represents a plant tissue up to 15 mm in diameter and 0.6 mm thick, with radial growth through dichotomous divisions at the ends. This body has a clear dorsoventral differentiation, the upper area of assimilation, the middle storage area and the basal area where the rhizoids are formed (Shimamura 2015). In M. polymorpha there are a small number of pathogens known, it having raised as a model plant in understanding the evolutionary mechanisms behind plant-microorganism
* Jorge Poveda [email protected] 1
Biological Mission of Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Pontevedra, Spain
interactions (Poveda 2020a). Four pathogenic fungal strains: Irpex lacteus, Phaeophlebiopsis peniophoroides, Bjerkandera adusta and Bjerkandera adusta have been isolated from diseased M. polymorpha (Matsui et al., 2020). Regarding beneficial fungi, the fungal endophytic microbiota of M. polymorpha was analyzed, from wild populations of the liverwort, obtaini
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