Marine Climate and Climate Change Storms, Wind Waves and Storm Surge
Marine environmental conditions such as storms, storm surges and wave heights are directly experienced by, for example, off-shore operations or coastal populations. The authors review and bring together the state-of-the-art and present day knowledge about
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Ralf Weisse and Hans von Storch
Marine Climate and Climate Change Storms, Wind Waves and Storm Surges
~ Springer
Published in association with
Praxis Publishing Chichester, UK
Dr Ralf Weisse and Professor Dr Hans von Storch GKSS Institute for Coastal Research Geesthacht Germany
SPRINGER-PRAXIS BOOKS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES SUBJECT ADVISORY EDITOR: John Mason, M.B.E., B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D.
ISBN 978-3-540-25316-7 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Springer is part of Springer-Science + Business Media (springer.com) Library of Congress Control Number: 2009933600
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers.
© Praxis Publishing Ltd, Chichester, UK, 2010 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: Jim Wilkie Project management: OPS Ltd, Gt Yarmouth, Norfolk, UK Printed in Germany on acid-free paper
Contents
Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IX
List of figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
XUI
List of tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
xvu
List of abbreviations and acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
XIX
1
Climate and climate variability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1.1 1.2 1.3
1 1 3 3
1.4 1.5 1.6 2
Introduction................................... Definition of climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The climate system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.1 Components of the climate system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.2 General circulation of the atmosphere. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.3 General circulation of the oceans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Climate variability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.1 Internally driven and externally forced variability . . . . . 1.4.2 Interplay between regional and planetary climate. . . . . . Summary..................................... References....................................
Marine weather phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4
Introduction................................... Mid-latitude storms and storm tracks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Tropical cyclones. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
