Materials requirements for high performance secondary batteries
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pollution p r o b l e m would be t r a n s f e r r e d to coal- or n u c l e a r - f u e l e d c e n t r a l power s t a t i o n s , w h e r e it could be m o r e e a s i l y c o n t r o l l e d . M o r e o v e r , c h a r g i n g of e l e c t r i c v e h i c l e s d u r i n g the off-peak p e r i o d (at night) would s e r v e to l e v e l the load d e m a n d on u t i l i t i e s . The concept of e l e c t r i c v e h i c l e s is not n e w - a s many as 10,000 w e r e in o p e r a t i o n at the t u r n of the c e n t u r y . However, the lack of a h i g h - p e r f o r m a n c e , lightweight, l o w - c o s t b a t t e r y has been and continues to be a m a j o r o b s t a c l e to the a c c e p t a n c e of e l e c t r i c powered v e h i c l e s . Although l e a d - a c i d b a t t e r i e s do not meet these c r i t e r i a , they a r e b e i n g used in e l e c t r i c b u s e s and vans in Europe 2 and J a p a n 3 for n e a r - t e r m a p p l i c a t i o n s where weight is not an i m p o r t a n t c o n s i d e r a t i o n . L e a d - a c i d b a t t e r i e s could also be used to power a p a s s e n g e r v e h i c l e for u r b a n d r i v i n g , but it would be of l i m i t e d p e r f o r m a n c e with a d r i v i n g r a n g e of 65 to 95 km (40 to 60 m i l e s ) . B a t t e r y r e q u i r e m e n t s for v e h i c u l a r application on an i n t e r i m b a s i s a r e l i s t e d in T a b l e I. 4 The s t r i n g e n t t e c h n i c a l and cost goals will be difficult to meet with the e x i s t i n g c o m m e r c i a l b a t t e r i e s . T h i s fact points out the need for a c o n c e r t e d d e v e l o p m e n t of advanced b a t t e r i e s that have potential for m e e t i n g the a p p l i c a tion goals. S e v e r a l advanced b a t t e r i e s u n d e r developm e n t show p r o m i s e of m e e t i n g the r e q u i r e m e n t s for e l e c t r i c v e h i c l e s within the next decade. S u m m a r i z e d in T a b l e II4 a r e the c u r r e n t and p r o j e c t e d p e r f o r m a n c e s of p o t e n t i a l v e h i c l e b a t t e r i e s , which include s y s t e m s that o p e r a t e at a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e s for the n e a r and
Table I. Interim Battery Requirements for Electric Vehicle Applications*
TentativeGoals Duty cycle Energyefficiency Specificenergy Specificpower Sustained Peak Cyclelife
J. E. BATTLES,J. A. SMAGA,and K. M. MYLESare with the ChemicalEngineeringDivision,ArgonneNationalLaboratory,Argonne,IL 60439. Thispaper is basedon a presentationmadeat a symposiumon "MaterialsReCost quirementsfor UnconventionalEnergySystems"heldat the NiagaraFallsmeeting of The MetallurgicalSocietyof AIME,September22, 1976,underthe sponsorship *Ref. 4. of Non-FerrousMetalsand FerrousMetalsCommittees. ISSN0360-2133/78/0210-0183500.75/0 METALLURGICALTRANSACTIONSA 9 1978AMERICANSOCIETYFORMETALSAND THEMETALLURGICALSOCIETYOF AIME
2 to 4 h discharge I to 6 h charge >50 pct >250 kJ/kg >20 W/kg > 100 W/kg >1000 cycles (3 to 10 years) $7 to 10/MJ
VOLUME 9A, FEBRUARY 197
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