Multi-electron Reaction Materials for High-Energy-Density Secondary Batteries: Current Status and Prospective
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Multi‑electron Reaction Materials for High‑Energy‑Density Secondary Batteries: Current Status and Prospective Xinran Wang1 · Guoqiang Tan1,2 · Ying Bai1 · Feng Wu1 · Chuan Wu1 Received: 29 January 2020 / Revised: 3 May 2020 / Accepted: 9 June 2020 © Shanghai University and Periodicals Agency of Shanghai University 2020
Abstract To address increasing energy supply challenges and allow for the effective utilization of renewable energy sources, transformational and reliable battery chemistry are critically needed to obtain higher energy densities. Here, significant progress has been made in the past few decades in energetic battery systems based on the concept of multi-electron reactions to overcome existing barriers in conventional battery research and application. As a result, a systematic understanding of multi-electron chemistry is essential for the design of novel multi-electron reaction materials and the enhancement of corresponding battery performances. Based on this, this review will briefly present the advancements of multi-electron reaction materials from their evolutionary discovery from lightweight elements to the more recent multi-ion effect. In addition, this review will discuss representative multi-electron reaction chemistry and materials, including ferrates, metal borides, metal oxides, metal fluorides, lithium transition metal oxides, silicon, sulfur and oxygen. Furthermore, insertion-type, alloy-type and conversion-type multi-electron chemistry involving monovalent Li+ and Na+ cations, polyvalent Mg2+ and Al3+ cations beyond those of alkali metals as well as activated S2− and O2− anions are introduced in the enrichment and development of multi-electron reactions for electrochemical energy storage applications. Finally, this review will present the ongoing challenges and underpinning mechanisms limiting the performance of multi-electron reaction materials and corresponding battery systems. Keywords Multi-electron reaction · Multi-ion effect · Lightweight element · Secondary battery · Energy density
1 Introduction To address the issues of climate change and energy shortages caused by the depletion of fossil fuels and related carbon emissions, significant efforts have been devoted to the development of clean, efficient, cost-effective and reliable energy storage systems that can capitalize on solar, wind or nuclear energy to provide sustainable energy supplies in Xinran Wang and Guoqiang Tan have contributed equally to this article. * Feng Wu [email protected] * Chuan Wu [email protected] 1
Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
Experimental Center of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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the future. Due to the intermittent nature and uneven distribution of these clean energy sources however, electrical energy storage systems are needed to address these power variations and allow for
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