Mechanical properties of two-dimensional materials and heterostructures
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Junqiao Wub) Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA; and Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA (Received 24 August 2015; accepted 5 October 2015)
Mechanical properties are of fundamental importance in materials science and engineering, and have been playing a great role in various materials applications in the human history. Measurements of mechanical properties of 2-dimensional (2D) materials, however, are particularly challenging. Although various types of 2D materials have been intensively explored in recent years, the investigation of their mechanical properties lags much behind that of other properties, leading to lots of open questions and challenges in this research field. In this review, we first introduce the nanoindentation technique with atomic force microscopy to measure the elastic properties of graphene and 2D transition metal dichalcogenides. Then we review the effect of defects on mechanical properties of 2D materials, including studies on naturally defective chemical-vapor-deposited and intentionally defective 2D materials. Lastly, we introduce a nano-electromechanical device, resonators, built on the basis of the excellent mechanical properties of 2D materials. I. INTRODUCTION
Mechanical properties are probably the first aspect that people pay attention to in exploring a new material. Stone, bronze, and iron are the three milestone materials that appeared synchronically in ancient times. These materials were discovered, selected, and refined, mostly due to their outstanding mechanical properties, as well as cost-effective ways of production. Stone is rigid, but brittle and difficult to processing, while bronze and iron are stronger, tougher, and easier for shaping. Their utilizations have greatly changed the human history and they are used to name the ancient periods (i.e., Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age). As increasingly fast discoveries of new functional materials are made in modern times, mechanical properties are no longer the only properties that are concerned. However, they are still the key criteria in seeking super-strong or super-rigid materials for applications ranging from people’s daily life to space exploration.1,2,3,4 In semiconductors, they are indispensable complements to electrical and optical properties of materials.5,6 Mechanical properties have
Contributing Editor: Jeremy T. Robinson Address all correspondence to these authors. a) e-mail: [email protected] b) e-mail: [email protected] DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2015.324
also played vital roles in designs of flexible, stretchable, and epidermal electronics which may potentially dominate the future electronics industry.7,8,9 Nano-science and nano-technology have attracted intensive attention for the past 30 years.10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17 In two-dimensional (2D) materials, electrons and phonons are limited in a planar dimension, and therefore many of their properties deviate from their 3D counterparts.16 Two
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