Medial humeral epicondylar lesions and discreet calcified structures in the canine elbow: radiographic description of 18
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cta Veterinaria Scandinavica Open Access
RESEARCH
Medial humeral epicondylar lesions and discreet calcified structures in the canine elbow: radiographic description of 183 cases Arne Magnus Rørvik, Cathrine Trangerud* and Jorunn Grondalen^
Abstract Background: In this 4-year prospective observational study, all elbows in a dysplasia screening program including 14,073 dogs were studied using radiographs in two projections. Elbows were evaluated for the presence of medial humeral epicondylar lesions or discreet calcified structures and were described as they appeared. The age, breed, and sex of affected dogs were recorded. The prevalence for each lesion was calculated exclusively on breeds where the number of radiographed dogs exceeded 500. Results: Medial humeral epicondylar lesions or medial discreet calcified structures were diagnosed in 183 dogs and 211 elbows. The prevalence of true Flexor enthesopathy (FE) in this Norwegian population of mainly young, large breed dogs was calculated to be approximately 1.4 per 1000 dogs and varied by breed. Also, the prevalence of the other lesions varied considerably by breed. The most common finding was discreet calcified structures, termed medial ossified structures (MOS) (0.7%). In elbows affected with fragmented medial epicondyles (FME) (0.07%) and especially FE (0.14%), the degree of periarticular new bone formation (PNBF) was increased when compared to unaffected elbows. In joints affected with MOSs or medial lucent lesions MLLs (0.25%), there was no difference in the presence or degree of PNBF compared to unaffected joints, even in older dogs. Conclusions: The prevalence of medial humeral epicondylar lesions and MOSs differs considerably among dog breeds. Elbow joints with FMEs and particularly FE had a highly increased presence and degree of PNBF compared to joints without these lesions. Elbow joints with MOSs or MLLs did not have an increased presence or degree of PNBF compared to joints without these lesions. Keywords: Dog, Elbow, Flexor enthesopathy, Medial humeral epicondyle Background While scrutinizing canine elbows in the Norwegian elbow dysplasia (ED) screening program for several years, we came across various forms of lesions of the medial epicondyle or medial discreet calcified structures, *Correspondence: [email protected] ^ Jorunn Grondalen is deceased. Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 369, N‑0102 Centrum, Oslo, Norway
which were poorly described in the literature at that time. The ED screening program was intended to change the method of screening using only flexed mediolateral (M-L) views in grading instead of two projections. It was decided to initiate a prospective observational study on the observed lesions before the craniocaudal (CrCd) projection was no longer available in the screening program. Early studies on these lesions were reports of a few lame dogs where a calcified object was surgically removed [1–7]. In a study, the authors des
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