Mental health consequences of detaining children and families who seek asylum: a scoping review
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ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION
Mental health consequences of detaining children and families who seek asylum: a scoping review Sarah Mares1 Received: 21 April 2020 / Accepted: 24 August 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Almost 80 million people globally are forcibly displaced. A small number reach wealthy western countries and seek asylum. Over half are children. Wealthy reception countries have increasingly adopted restrictive reception practices including immigration detention. There is an expanding literature on the mental health impacts of immigration detention for adults, but less about children. This scoping review identified 22 studies of children detained by 6 countries (Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, Netherlands, the UK and the US) through searches of Medline, PsychINFO, Emcare, CINAHL and Scopus data bases for the period January 1992–May 2019. The results are presented thematically. There is quantitative data about the mental health of children and parents who are detained and qualitative evidence includes the words and drawings of detained children. The papers are predominantly small cross-sectional studies using mixed methodologies with convenience samples. Despite weaknesses in individual studies the review provides a rich and consistent picture of the experience and impact of immigration detention on children’s wellbeing, parental mental health and parenting. Displaced children are exposed to peri-migration trauma and loss compounded by further adversity while held detained. There are high rates of distress, mental disorder, physical health and developmental problems in children aged from infancy to adolescence which persist after resettlement. Restrictive detention is a particularly adverse reception experience and children and parents should not be detained or separated for immigration purposes. The findings have implications for policy and practice. Clinicians and researchers have a role in advocacy for reception polices that support the wellbeing of accompanied and unaccompanied children who seek asylum. Keywords Mental health/illness · Refugee/asylum seeker · Infant/child/adolescent/family · Immigration detention
Background The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) estimates that in late 2019, 79.5 million people were involuntarily displaced and ‘of concern’ as a consequence of war, persecution and environmental factors, and 26 million were refugees [1]. Over half are children. The vast majority (85%) are displaced internally or to neighbouring countries. During the last decade millions of people have travelled to countries in Europe, north America and to Australia seeking asylum, primarily as a consequence of protracted violence in Syria, other countries in the middle east, in northern Africa, and in central and south America [2].
* Sarah Mares [email protected] 1
School of Psychiatry, University of NSW, Sydney, Australia
As the number of people seeking asylum has increased, reception countries in Europe and North America have increasin
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