Mesoporous tungsten trioxide for highly sensitive and selective detection of ammonia
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Mesoporous tungsten trioxide for highly sensitive and selective detection of ammonia Jingjing Zhang1,*
, Chenyi Zhang2, Xiaohong Zheng3, and Cheng Zhang3
1
Advanced Materials Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, People’s Republic of China 2 Shandong Institute for Product Quality Inspection, Jinan 250102, People’s Republic of China 3 Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, People’s Republic of China
Received: 2 July 2020
ABSTRACT
Accepted: 3 November 2020
The sensing performance of a mixed-potential NH3 sensor is dependent on the microstructure of its electrode, which can be optimized to enhance the adsorption and diffusion of target gases. Mesoporous tungsten trioxide was prepared using an effective hard template method and applied as a sensitive electrode in a yttria-stabilized zirconia electrolyte-based mixed-potential NH3 gas sensor. The NH3 detection of the sensor was investigated in a temperature range of 250–650 C. The sensor exhibited a much better NH3 sensing performance than another sensor based on commercial bulk WO3 under the same conditions. Furthermore, the NH3 sensor based on mesoporous WO3 exhibited a logarithmic response to the NH3 concentration (30–250 ppm). To investigate this response, the specialized microstructure of mesoporous WO3 was observed by transmission electron microscopy. Specifically, the high surface area and welldefined mesopores of the material significantly contributed to the excellent sensing performance. This report provides the first demonstration of the excellent response and sensitivity of an NH3 sensor based on mesoporous WO3 at low temperatures (250–400 C).
Springer Science+Business
Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Handling Editor: Yaroslava Yingling.
Address correspondence to E-mail: [email protected]
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-05534-1
J Mater Sci
GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Abbreviations SE Sensing electrode TPB Triple-phase boundary TPD Temperature-programmed desorption YSZ Yttria-stabilized zirconia XRD X-ray diffraction TCD Thermal conductivity detector SEM Scanning electron microscope EDS Energy-dispersive spectrometer BET Brunauer–Emmett–Teller BJH Barrett–Joyner–Halenda
Introduction Ammonia is an air pollutant that causes serious irritation and corrosion to the upper respiratory tracts of animals and humans and can lead to inflammation upon contact with skin or mucous membranes [1].
Therefore, the development of a sensitive and accurate gas sensor for measuring the concentration of NH3 in air is important and of great interest in many fields, including the automotive industry, industrial process control systems, and medical diagnostics [2]. Various sensing techniques may be used for NH3 detection. However, the most popular detection methods fall under two major categories, namely semiconductor sensors [3–9] and solid electrolyte sensors [10–26]. Semiconductor oxide sensors usually have a much lower operating temperature than other sensors, but offer inferior
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