Metabolic enzyme profile, behavioural changes and morphophysiological parameters of African catfish Clarias gariepinus j
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Metabolic enzyme profile, behavioural changes and morphophysiological parameters of African catfish Clarias gariepinus juveniles in response to burnt waste tyres Bala S. Audu 1 & Malachy N. O. Ajima 2 Received: 23 December 2019 / Accepted: 31 May 2020 # Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Water-soluble fractions (WSFs) of waste burnt tyres (WBTs) were tested on enzymatic activities, behavioural changes and histology of gills and liver of African catfish Clarias gariepinus juveniles for 96 h at 5.00, 10.00, 15.00, 20.00 and 25.00 g/L in a non renewable static bioassay. Water quality parameters of the experimental media showed significant (p < 0.05) decrease in pH and dissolved oxygen content and increased carbon dioxide and alkalinity levels compared to the control. The 96-h LC50 of WSFs of WBTs to C. gariepinus was calculated as 11.22 g/L. There were remarkable abnormal behaviours exhibited by the exposed fish as well as alteration in aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase activities in gills and liver in a dose-dependent manner. The exposure also led to changes in primary and secondary gill lamellar hypertrophy and hyperplasia, partial fusion of apical lamellar, cytoplasmic and nuclear degeneration of parenchyma cells, as well as cytoplasmic vacoulation, sinusoidal oedema and nuclear and periportal hepatocyte degeneration of the liver. Hepatomorphometry of the fish revealed significant (p < 0.05) increase in nuclear surface area as well as nuclear diameter of the hepatic cells. BWTs could be deleterious to aquatic biota including fish and could be adopted as biomarkers for assessing the quality of aquatic ecosystem. Keywords Acute test . Water soluble fractions . Enzymes . Histomorphometry . Clarias gariepinus
Introduction Nigeria with an estimate of 170 million people has strong economy that permits flexibility in purchase of all kinds of automobiles to meet individual needs due to inadequate mass transport infrastructure with high traffic densities in most cities. Consequently, waste tyres are found all nooks and crannies of Nigerian cities and their accumulation leads to environmental pollution (Juma et al. 2006; Kerekes et al. 2018) which invariably end up as fuels during protests and demonstrations as well as in production of hides of cow meat * Malachy N. O. Ajima [email protected]; [email protected] Bala S. Audu [email protected] 1
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Jos, PMB, Jos 2084, Nigeria
2
Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Technology, Federal University of Technology, PMB, Owerri 1526, Nigeria
(Okiei et al. 2009). This leads to the release of toxic substances to the atmosphere and neighbouring habitat of the riparian environment that inadvertently ends in the aquatic system. As observed in developing countries, great per cent of sewage and industrial wastes are deposited into water surface untreated (UNFPA 2001). Several workers including
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