Metabolism of Pharmaceuticals in Plants and Their Associated Microbiota
With the increasing use of wastewater for irrigation of farmland, and thus the potential uptake and translocation of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in crops, concerns about food safety are growing. After their uptake, plants are able to metabolize
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ontents 1 Introduction 2 Human Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes 2.1 Phase I Reactions 2.2 Phase II Reactions 3 Drug Metabolism in Plants 3.1 Phase I Metabolism 3.2 Phase II Metabolism 3.3 Phase III Plant Metabolism 4 Plant Models for the Study of Pharmaceutical Metabolism 4.1 Whole Plants 4.2 In Vitro Models 4.3 Examples of Method Applications 4.4 Hairy Roots as Model for the Study of Root Metabolism 5 Role of Microbiome in Pharmaceutical Metabolism and Plant-Microbe Interactions 5.1 The Rhizosphere Is a Hot Spot for Pharmaceutical Metabolism and Metabolite Exchange Between Plant and Microorganisms 5.2 Endophytic Bacteria Can Enhance Degradation of Pharmaceuticals in Plants 6 Conclusion and Perspectives References
Abstract With the increasing use of wastewater for irrigation of farmland, and thus the potential uptake and translocation of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in crops, concerns about food safety are growing. After their uptake, plants are able to metabolize drugs to phase I, phase II, and phase III metabolites. Phase I reactions closely resemble those encountered in human drug metabolism, including
A. Sauvêtre (*) UMR HydroSciences Montpellier, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France e-mail: [email protected] P. Eichhorn and S. Pérez ENFOCHEM, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Barcelona, Spain Sandra Pérez Solsona, Nicola Montemurro, Serge Chiron, and Damià Barceló (eds.), Interaction and Fate of Pharmaceuticals in Soil-Crop Systems: The Impact of Reclaimed Wastewater, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_607, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
A. Sauvêtre et al.
oxidations, reductions, and hydrolysis. Phase II reactions, in turn, encompass conjugations with glutathione, carbohydrates, malonic acid, and amino acids. In phase III, these conjugates are transported and stored in the vacuole or bound to the cell wall. Pharmaceutical metabolism in plants has been investigated by using different approaches, namely, the use of whole plants grown in soil or hydroponic cultures, the use of plant tissues, and the incubation of specific plant cell suspensions. While studies relying on whole plants require long growth periods and more complex analytical procedures to isolate and detect metabolites, they constitute more realistic scenarios with the ability to determine site-specific metabolism and the translocation within the plant. The advantage of in vitro studies lies in their rapid setup. Recent advances in plant-microbiota investigations have shown that the plant microbiome modulates the response of the plant towards pharmaceuticals. Rhizospheric and endophytic bacteria can directly contribute to pharmaceutical metabolism and influence plant uptake and translocation of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites. Additionally, they can have beneficial properties for the host, contributing to plant health and fitness. This chapter gives an overview of human and plant drug metabolism followed by a comparison of different models used to identify
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