Lipid Mediators and Their Metabolism in the Brain
Lipid mediators are chemical messengers that are formed in response to cell stimulation or injury from membrane phospholipids, sphingolipid, and cholesterol. They play important roles in internal and external communication and modulate cellular responses
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Akhlaq A. Farooqui
Lipid Mediators and Their Metabolism in the Brain
Akhlaq A. Farooqui Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry The Ohio State University Columbus, OH 43210 USA [email protected]
ISBN 978-1-4419-9939-9 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-9940-5 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-9940-5 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2011934260 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Dedicated to my teachers for their passion to teach and stimulate the desire to learn and integrate knowledge. Akhlaq A. Farooqui
Preface
Neural membranes are highly dynamic and interactive structures composed of glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol, and transmembrane and peripheral proteins of various shapes, molecular masses, and functions. The binding between phospholipids and proteins is necessary for vertical positioning and tight integration of proteins into the membrane. Phospholipids and sphingolipids contribute to the lipid bilayer asymmetry, whereas cholesterol and sphingolipids form lipid rafts, which act as platforms for molecular sorting, trafficking, and signal transduction processes. Lipid mediators are chemical messengers that are released in response to cell stimulation or injury from membrane phospholipids, sphingolipid, and cholesterol. Lipid mediators play important roles in internal and external communication and modulate cellular responses such as the growth arrest, differentiation, adhesion, and migration. These processes are modulated by eicosanoids (prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes, and lipoxins) and docosanoids (resolvins, protectins, neuroprotectins, and maresins), which are generated by the action of phospholipases A2, cyclooxygenases, and lipoxygenases on arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids (ARA and DHA), respectively. The non-enzymic lipid mediators of ARA and DHA metabolism include isoprostanes, neuroprostanes, isoketals, neuroketals, isofurans, 4-hydroxynonenal, and 4-hydroxyhexanal. Action of sphingomyelinases on sphingomyelin generates ceramide, a metabolite closely associated with apoptotic cell death. Further degradation of ceramide generates sphingosine, which in its phosphorylated form induces cell proliferation, and thu
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