Metacognition of average face perception
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Metacognition of average face perception Luyan Ji 1,2 & William G. Hayward 1 Accepted: 21 October 2020 # The Psychonomic Society, Inc. 2020
Abstract Individuals have the ability to extract summary statistics from multiple items presented simultaneously. However, it is unclear yet whether we have insight into the process of ensemble coding. The aim of this study was to investigate metacognition about average face perception. Participants saw a group of four faces presented for 2 s or 5 s, and then they were asked to judge whether the following test face was present in the previous set (Experiment 1), or whether the test face was the average of the four member faces (Experiment 2). After each response, participants rated their confidence. Replicating previous findings, there was substantial endorsement for the average face derived from the four member faces in Experiment 1, even though it was not present in the set. When judging faces that had been presented in the set, confidence correlated positively with accuracy, providing evidence for metacognitive awareness of previously studied faces. Importantly, there was a negative confidence-accuracy relationship for judging average faces when duration was 2 s, and a near-zero relationship when duration was 5 s. By contrast, when the average face had to be identified explicitly in Experiment 2, performance was above chance level and there was a positive correlation between confidence and accuracy. These results suggest that people have metacognitive awareness about average face perception when averaging is required explicitly, but they lack insight into the averaging process when member identification is required. Keywords Face perception . Perceptual categorization and identification . Visual awareness
Introduction Multiple faces presented at the same time can be integrated to form an ensemble perception (Haberman & Whitney, 2007; Whitney & Yamanashi Leib 2018). Apart from information revealed by each individual face in the group, we can also extract summary statistics from them, for example, the average information from multiple facial identities (de Fockert & Wolfenstein, 2009; Neumann, Schweinberger, & Burton, 2013). However, little is known about our ability to actively monitor and have knowledge of our own averaging performance. In the current study, we aimed to explore metacognition
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-02002189-7. * Luyan Ji [email protected] 1
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
2
Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
of average face perception, to shed light on the underlying cognitive mechanisms of multiple face processing. Several studies have already suggested that we have insight into our face-recognition and face-perception abilities (Arizpe et al., 2019; Bobak, Mileva, & Hancock, 2018; Palermo et al
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