Metal(loid) contamination in water, sediment, epilithic periphyton and fish in three interconnected ecosystems and healt
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Metal(loid) contamination in water, sediment, epilithic periphyton and fish in three interconnected ecosystems and health risk assessment through intake of fish cooked in Indian style Preeti Kumari 1
&
Subodh Kumar Maiti 1
Received: 4 March 2020 / Accepted: 6 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Samples of water, sediment and epilithic periphyton (EP) were collected from a lake (Dimna, DL), an intermediate canal (IC), and a river (Subarnarekha River, SR) to compare the pollution status of an urban ecosystem, and the concentrations of metal(loid) s were determined. Water characteristics were analysed by the water quality index (WQI). Sediment pollution was assessed using the ecological risk index (ERI). Accumulation of metal(loid) s in EP was determined by using bioaccumulation factor (BAF) and biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF). The result showed that the DL was least polluted (WQI = 30.39) and SR (WQI = 90.13) was the most polluted ecosystem. Sediment analysis revealed that Ni, Cr and Cd are the significant pollutants, especially in SR. The THQ value for fish dishes cooked in Indian style was found higher than that of raw fish, suggesting calculations considering the cooking process can provide better results. Health risk assessment shows that people inhabiting DL are vulnerable to Cr and Cu exposure, whereas people inhabiting IC and SR are susceptible to As and Co exposure due to the consumption of cooked fish. Moreover, for a developing country like India, it is important to upgrade the assessment methods and include regular monitoring of interconnecting ecosystems for the safeguard of human and ecological health. Keywords Water quality index . Bioaccumulation factor . Biota-sediment accumulation factor . Target hazard quotient . Hazard index . Cooked fish
Introduction Metal(loid) pollution has been a centre of attention among the researchers for several decades due to its persistent and bioaccumulative behaviour (Ghaderpoori et al. 2020; Kadhum 2020; Kumari 2018; Zhang et al. 2017; Zhao et al. 2017). In an aquatic environment, these elements derived from the natural Responsible Editor: Stuart Simpson Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10023-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Preeti Kumari [email protected] Subodh Kumar Maiti [email protected] 1
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand 826004, India
origin, such as surface runoff, atmospheric deposition and geological weathering as well as anthropogenic origin, like industrial and domestic discharge, agricultural runoff and vehicular emission (Dube et al. 2019; Kumari and Maiti 2019a; Patel et al. 2018). Aquatic systems provide mobility to the metal(loid) pollutants through several geochemical processes (Alloway 2013). Also, these aquatic ecosystems may act as a secondary source by
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