Meteorological and Air Quality Models for Urban Areas
This book, based on the selected presentations given at the COST728 workshop, is concerned with the following main topics/chapters: 1. Urban morphology and databases, 2. Parameterisations of urban canopy, 3. Strategy for urbanization of different types of
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Alexander Baklanov · C.S.B. Grimmond · Alexander Mahura · Maria Athanassiadou Editors
Meteorological and Air Quality Models for Urban Areas
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Editors Alexander Baklanov Danish Meteorological Institute Lyngbyvej 100 2100 Copenhagen Denmark [email protected] Alexander Mahura Danish Meteorological Institute Lyngbyvej 100 2100 Copenhagen Denmark [email protected]
C.S.B. Grimmond King’s College London Dept. Geography Strand London United Kingdom WC2R 2LS [email protected] Maria Athanassiadou Met Office FitzRoy Road, Exeter EXI 3PB United Kingdom [email protected]
ISBN 978-3-642-00297-7 e-ISBN 978-3-642-00298-4 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-00298-4 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2009927000 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: Bauer, Thomas Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Introduction to the Problem and Aims Alexander Baklanov
Urban features essentially influence atmospheric flow and microclimate, strongly enhance atmospheric turbulence, and modify turbulent transport, dispersion, and deposition of atmospheric pollutants (e.g., Piringer et al., 2007). Increased resolution in numerical weather prediction (NWP) models allows for a more realistic reproduction of urban air flows and air pollution processes, however most of the operational models still do not consider, or consider very poorly, the urban effects. This has triggered new interest in model development and investigation of processes specific to urban areas. Recent developments performed as part of the European project FUMAPEX on integrated systems for forecasting urban meteorology and air pollution (Baklanov et al., 2002, 2005), the US EPA and NCAR communities for MM5 (Dupont et al., 2004; Bornstein et al., 2006; Taha 2008), WRF models (Chen et al., 2006), and other relevant studies (see e.g. Baklanov and Grisogono, 2007) have shown many opportunities in the “urbanization” of weather forecasting and atmospheric pollution dispersion models. Atmospheric models for urban areas have different requirements (e.g. relative importance of the urban boundary layer (UBL) and urban surface subla
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