Meteorological Drought Characteristics in Eastern Region of India
Droughts are regional climatic phenomena, occurring due to less than average precipitation over a prolonged time at a given place, and subsequently, leading to water deficit and socioeconomic loss. In this analysis, monthly rainfall data of 113 years for
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Meteorological Drought Characteristics in Eastern Region of India Kumar Amrit, R. P. Pandey, and S. K. Mishra
7.1 Introduction Drought is a natural disaster occurring due to less than average precipitation over a prolonged duration at a particular place, and subsequently, leading to water deficiency and socioeconomic loss. Droughts have most devastating effect, occur in every regions and have larger areal extent than any other natural hazards (i.e. earthquakes and floods) (Wilhite 2000; Ponce et al. 2000; Samadi et al. 2004; Amrit et al. 2018a). The various researches on hydrological extremes indicated that many regions around the globe are vulnerable to severe impacts of droughts (Dracup et al. 1980; Gregory 1989; Tallaksen and Van Lanen 2004; Pandey et al. 2008; Mishra et al. 2019). During 2011–2012, severity of drought placed 50% area of the USA, Eastern Africa and Korean Peninsula into the category of disaster zone (Mosley 2012; Dutra et al. 2012; USDA 2012). Droughts are very complex than any other natural hazard, as their onset and termination are quite difficult to identify (Wilhite 1993; Amrit et al. 2018a, b). Mishra and Liu (2014) investigated the variation in pattern of precipitation and risk of drought events and observed that the risk of drought events over Indian regions gets increased due to increase in the length of dry spells and total number of dry days, as a consequence of global warming. Water quality is also affected by
K. Amrit (B) Research & Innovation Center, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Mumbai 400018, Maharashtra, India e-mail: [email protected] K. Amrit · S. K. Mishra Department of Water Resources and Management, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India R. P. Pandey National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 A. Pandey et al. (eds.), Hydrological Extremes, Water Science and Technology Library 97, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59148-9_7
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the drought because the moderate climatic fluctuations lead to changes in hydrologic regimes, which has significant effects on the lake chemistry (Webster et al. 1996). Depletion in agricultural production, reduction in employment opportunities in agricultural sector, scarcity of food, drinking water and fodder, high inflation rate and death due to starvation/malnutrition/diseases are the major impacts of drought. Increase population and industrial developments have increased water demand by many fold compared to past decades. Drought has no single definition, which could be accepted everywhere (Wilhite 1993; Zhang et al. 2012). Hisdal and Tallaksen (2003) done a case study on Denmark for regional meteorological and hydrological drought characteristics. In their study brings out new approach to find the possibility of a specific region to get affected by a drought of given magnitude of deficit and its efficacy was ch
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