Methane activation on PdMn/C-ITO electrocatalysts using a reactor-type PEMFC
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Methane activation on PdMn/C‑ITO electrocatalysts using a reactor‑type PEMFC J. Nandenha1 · J. Y. Yamashita1 · F. M. Souza2 · E. H. Fontes1 · B. L. Batista2 · M. C. Santos2 · M. Linardi1 · A. O. Neto1 Received: 2 March 2020 / Accepted: 6 July 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Various palladium and manganese supported in a mix of carbon and indium thin oxide (PdMn/C-ITO) compositions were synthesized by a sodium borohydride reduction process for methane activation at low temperatures in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) reactor. These electrocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy XPS, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry ICP-MS, attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and a PEMFC reactor. The diffractograms of PdMn/C-ITO electrocatalysts revealed the face-centered cubic structure of palladium and the bixbyite cubic structure of In2O3. TEM experiments showed mean nanoparticle sizes between 4.7 and 5.2 nm for all electrocatalysts. XPS results showed the presence of palladium and manganese oxides, as well as Pd0 species. Cyclic voltammograms of PdMn/C-ITO electrocatalysts showed an increase in current density values after the methane adsorption, this result is related to formation of methanol or formic acidic. Polarization curves at 80 °C acquired in a PEMFC reactor showed that PdMn(70:30)/C-ITO and PdMn(50:50)/C-ITO have superior performance when compared to Pd/C-ITO indicating the beneficial effect of adding Mn, this behavior can be attributed to the bifunctional mechanism or to the electronic effect of support. Keywords Sodium borohydride reduction process · PdMn/C-ITO electrocatalysts · Methane oxidation · PEMFC reactor · ATR-FTIR studies
* A. O. Neto [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Energy and Nuclear Research Institute, IPEN/CNEN-SP, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242 Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP CEP 05508‑000, Brazil
2
Natural and Human Sciences Center, Federal University of ABC, Rua Santa Adélia, 166, Santo André, SP 09210‑170, Brazil
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Introduction The use of natural gas for power generation is very interesting nowadays due to its abundance on planet earth. Furthermore, methane is considered the main component of natural gas [1–4]. This type of gas is used for heating, cooking, transportation purposes and electricity generation [3]. The methane shows low electron and proton affinity, low polarizability, weak acidity, high C–H bond energy (439 kJ mol−1) and high ionization energy, and it is very inert [5, 6], so methane oxidation is a considerable challenge. Methane can also increase the global warming if it is converted to carbon dioxide. But if we use for other purposes, since oil fields hasn’t enough infrastructure to store and transport gaseous methane and apply them for a specific use. The solution might be to oxidize methane to sub-products of oxidation, for instance, methanol. T
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