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ORIGINAL PAPER

Micro wet milling and spray drying of whole mandarin powder and its characterization Md Zohurul Islam1 · Ono Ayami1 · Yutaka Kitamura2   · Mito Kokawa2 · Kuniga Takeshi3 · Kita Masayuki4 · Hoshi Norihiro5 Received: 5 June 2020 / Accepted: 25 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020

Abstract A study was conducted using micro wet milling and spray drying to produce whole mandarin juice (WMJ) powders using maltodextrin as a carrier agent. Micro wet milling (MWM) was successfully produced concentrated whole fruit Mandarin slurry with smaller particle sizes of 43.15 µm and enhanced the physico chemical and antioxidant properties. Spray dried WMJ powders were analyzed for moisture, glass transition temperature, water activity, solubility, flowability, particle size, surface morphological and total polyphenol content. Results demonstrated that WMJ powders with higher maltodextrin solids exhibited better physical properties. The usage of 40 to 70% maltodextrin resulted in hygroscopic powders with lower moisture content, reduced water activity and increased solubility. The WMJ powders yield were also increased as maltodextrin levels in powders increased but the total phenolic compounds were decreased. Surface morphological characterization using SEM revealed that all WMJ powders are irregular spherical shapes, smoothed surfaces, agglomerated and no shrinkage observed. The study was also attempted to quantify the four major carotenoids (α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, violaxanthin) presents in the WMJ powders by HPLC. The results demonstrated that all WMJ powders retained carotenoids except violaxanthin in the order of β-cryptoxanthin > lutein > α-carotene. Keywords  Whole citrus · Micro wet milling · Spray drying · Maltodextrin · Carotenoids

Introduction Citrus plants are cultivated in various tropical and subtropical climatic conditions. This fruit crop is widely used in food, medicine and cosmetic industries. It is well known fact that citrus and citrus products are rich source * Yutaka Kitamura [email protected] 1



Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1‑1‑1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305‑8572, Japan

2



Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1‑1‑1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305‑8572, Japan

3

Western Region Agricultural Research Center, NARO, 2575 Ikano, Zentsuji, Kagawa 765‑0053, Japan

4

Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, NARO, 2‑1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305‑8605, Japan

5

Tohoku Agricultural Research Center, NARO, 50 Harajukuminami, Arai, Fukushima 960‑2156, Japan



of vitamins, minerals and dietary fiber (non-starch polysaccharides) that are essential for normal growth, development and overall nutritional well-being [1, 2]. Mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) is one of the important citrus fruits grown in Japan. Mandarin fruits are the significant sources of health-promoting constituents such as flavanones, polyphenols, ascorbic acid, and antioxidants [