Microbes as a boon for the bane of heavy metals
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REVIEW
Microbes as a boon for the bane of heavy metals Divya Dave1 · Sameera Sarma1 · Paritosh Parmar1 · Arpit Shukla1 · Dweipayan Goswami1 · Anil Shukla2 · Meenu Saraf1 Received: 13 March 2020 / Revised: 17 June 2020 / Accepted: 19 June 2020 © Society for Environmental Sustainability 2020
Abstract Modern globalisation has escalated anthropocentric sources for heavy metal contamination in diverse natural habitats. Pernicious nature of heavy metals poses a major threat to all life forms in the environment. Heavy metals are not degradable like the organic pollutants but could be transformed to be persistent in a less toxic form. Microbes are the cheap tool as they evolve rapidly to combat heavy metal stress by developing various survival strategies, for instance sequestration or active transportation of metal. Their short generation time, large surface area and ease of genetic manipulation makes them ideal candidates to use for the bioremediation process. Many heavy metal resistant microbes such as species of Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Acidothiobacillus, Saccharomyces, Geobacter and Rhizophus have been used for remediation of heavy metal contaminated sites. The effectiveness of bioremediation technique depends upon various factors, including biotic as well as abiotic, which mainly determine bio-availability of metal for remediation. The different metal microbe interactions such as sorption, accumulation, mineralization, transformation and solubilization are responsible for tapering heavy metal concentration at various loci or sites. The review emphasizes on the different interactions of the microbes with heavy metals, their survival strategies and the applications of the resistant strains in remediation. Keywords Heavy metals · Bioremediation · Biosorption · Bioaccumulation · Biomagnification · Microbe–metal interactions
Introduction * Meenu Saraf [email protected] Divya Dave [email protected] Sameera Sarma [email protected] Paritosh Parmar [email protected] Arpit Shukla [email protected] Dweipayan Goswami [email protected] Anil Shukla [email protected] 1
Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009, India
Department of Geosciences, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009, India
2
Pollution of soil and water have been the cardinal points of discussion and call for instantaneous action for their remediation. Among the toxic substances that lead to pollution, heavy metals are the most perilous. Modern globalisation and technological advancements have escalated the bioavailability of metals to endemic population affecting the diversity and its composition in various agricultural lands and potable water sources. Persistent nature of these heavy metals effectuates biomagnification in food web, classic example is publicized episodes of mercury toxicity in Minimata, Japan (James et al. 2020). Conventional techniques for remed
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