New Trends in Removing Heavy Metals from Industrial Wastewater Through Microbes
Heavy metal contaminations produced by industrial activities are one of the major important issues which are faced by many countries, typically developing economies. Heavy metals in wastewater are of particular major concern in recent times due to their p
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Abstract
Heavy metal contaminations produced by industrial activities are one of the major important issues which are faced by many countries, typically developing economies. Heavy metals in wastewater are of particular major concern in recent times due to their persistence and recalcitrance in the aquatic environment. As a result of various consequences, wastewater treatment has reached a certain level which is becoming unmanageable nowadays. Previous studies have provided many innovative processes for the treatment of industrial wastewater containing heavy toxic metals, often involving toxicity reduction techniques to meet technology-based treatment standards. This chapter reviews the ability of various technologies to remove heavy metals from industrial wastewater. Ample natural materials such as agricultural waste, industrial by-products and microbial biomass have been suggested as a potential bio-absorbent for the removal of heavy metals due to the presence of functional metal-binding groups. Especially focus is given to innovative physicochemical elimination processes like adsorption in new adsorbents, membrane filtration, photocatalysis and electrodialysis. The investigation shows that new adsorbents and membrane filtration are the most frequently studied and widely applied techniques for the treatment of wastewater contaminated with toxic heavy metals. In general, the applicability, wastewater characteristics, profitability and simplicity of the plant are the major factors in choosing the appropriate method for contaminated wastewater treatment. Keywords
Environment · Heavy metals · Microbes · Wastewater · Pollution
M. Haris · A. Shakeel · T. Hussain (*) · G. Ahmad · A. A. Khan Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India # Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021 M. P. Shah (ed.), Removal of Emerging Contaminants Through Microbial Processes, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5901-3_9
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Introduction
Technological advancement and industrialization have put an increasing load on the environment through releasing large quantities of wastewater which contain hazardous substances including heavy metals (chromium, cadmium and lead), organic contaminants and metalloids (elements have intermediate characters between metal and non-metal, like antimony and arsenic) which cause serious injury to the environment. Similarly, many industries such as textile, chemical, food and metallurgy release high quantities of waste with toxic substances. Currently, industrialization is increasingly developing worldwide, which may affect water quality, food, animal feed and climatic conditions (Owolabi and Hekeu 2014). Most heavy metals are toxic at low concentrations and can enter the food chain, where they accumulate and cause damage to living organisms. All metal has the capacity to cause injuries at higher concentrations, and the harmful effects of each metal depend on its amount, duration of exposure, the route and the absorbed dose (Mani and Kumar 2014). The treat
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