Microbial Endophytes: Their Resilience for Innovative Treatment Solution to Neglected Tropical Diseases
Fungal endophytes are relatively overlooked as a platform for discovering bioactive molecules against some major neglected tropical diseases, until some recent reports. Looking their potential as prolific producer of bioactive compounds against array of d
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Microbial Endophytes: Their Resilience for Innovative Treatment Solution to Neglected Tropical Diseases Ajay Kumar Verma, Saurabh Kumar Patel, Chandra Bhan Pratap, Mayank Gangwar, and Gopal Nath
Abstract
Fungal endophytes are relatively overlooked as a platform for discovering bioactive molecules against some major neglected tropical diseases, until some recent reports. Looking their potential as prolific producer of bioactive compounds against array of diseases and ailments makes them a suitable platform for such explorations. A major part of third world countries are facing growing problems of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). More than two billion people of tropical and subtropical countries are facing serious health problems caused by lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, echinococcosis, and other helminthic and zoonotic infections. Increasing side effects and appearance of resistance to the synthetic anthelmintics stimulates researchers for exploration of novel natural alternatives from medicinal plants and their associated endophytic microbes as a useful alternative. In this chapter, some aspects with respect to novel chemistry of endophytes and their structure activity relationship (SAR) toward tropical diseases like antiparasitic, antimalarial, and other neglected tropical diseases have been discussed.
1 A.K. Verma • S.K. Patel • C.B. Pratap • G. Nath (*) Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, UP, India e-mail: [email protected] M. Gangwar Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, UP, India Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, UP, India
Introduction
A wide diversity of endophytic fungi is isolated from the internal healthy tissues of almost every terrestrial and aquatic plants studied so far and even also recovered from red and brown algae (Raghukumar et al. 1992). Endophytic fungi are present in almost every plant parts, such as leaves, root, stem, and rhizome. Mostly the asymptomatic tissues are considered to have endophytes either fungal, bacterial, or actinobacteria, and that is why they are often called as latent pathogens. It is however very unclear about this specific lifestyle
V.C. Verma and A.C. Gange (eds.), Advances in Endophytic Research, DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-1575-2_8, © Springer India 2014
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of microbial endophytes, as it was evidenced that under certain conditions these microbes can switch from endophyte to pathogen or vice versa. There are two microbiomes residing just few millimeter distance the phylloplane and endophytic microbes have significant differences in their microbial community, diversity and spatial distribution, some time it is very hard to have a clear separation between these two microbiome (Porras-Alfaro and Bayman 2011). Endophytes colonize plant tissue and remain within the tissue, except that fruiting bodies that may emerge through the surface of
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