Microbial Metabolites as Molecular Mediators of Host-Microbe Symbiosis in Colorectal Cancer
The symbiosis between the gut microbiota and the host has been identified as an integral part of normal human physiology and physiological development. Research in germ-free or gnotobiotic animals has demonstrated the importance of this symbiosis in immun
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Microbial Metabolites as Molecular Mediators of Host-Microbe Symbiosis in Colorectal Cancer J. M. Keane, S. A. Joyce, C. G. M. Gahan, N. P. Hyland, and A. Houston
Abstract The symbiosis between the gut microbiota and the host has been identified as an integral part of normal human physiology and physiological development. Research in germ-free or gnotobiotic animals has demonstrated the importance of this symbiosis in immune, vascular, hepatic, respiratory and metabolic systems. Disruption of the microbiota can also contribute to disease, and the microbiota has been implicated in numerous intestinal and extra-intestinal pathologies including colorectal cancer. Interactions between host and microbiota can occur either directly or indirectly, via microbial-derived metabolites. In this chapter, we focus on two major products of microbial metabolism, short-chain fatty acids and bile acids, and
N. P. Hyland and A. Houston contributed equally with all other contributors. J. M. Keane APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland Department of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland S. A. Joyce APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland C. G. M. Gahan APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland N. P. Hyland (*) APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland e-mail: [email protected] A. Houston APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland Department of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 M. Kloc (ed.), Symbiosis: Cellular, Molecular, Medical and Evolutionary Aspects, Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation 69, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51849-3_22
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their role in colorectal cancer. Short-chain fatty acids are the products of microbial fermentation of complex carbohydrates and confer protection against cancer risk, while bile acids are compounds which are endogenous to the host, but undergo microbial modification in the large intestine leading to alterations in their bioactivity. Lastly, we discuss the ability of microbial modulation to mediate cancer risk and the potential to harness this ability as a prophylactic or therapeutic treatment in colorectal cancer. Keywords Butyrate · Bile · Gut microbiota · Colon · Tumorigenesis
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The Gut Microbiota
The human microbiota is a community of bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi and viruses that live in and on the human body (Group NHW et al. 2009). The term gut “microbiome” is sometimes used synonymously with the gut “microbiota” but can also refer to the full collection of genes present in the microbiota of a community. The cells of our microbiota are estimated to ou
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