Microfluidics and Their Applications to Lab-on-a-Chip
Various microfluidic components and their characteristics, along with the demonstration of two recent achievements of lab-on-a-chip systems have been reviewed and discussed. Many microfluidic devices and components have been developed during the past few
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Various microfluidic components and their characteristics, along with the demonstration of two recent achievements of lab-on-a-chip systems have been reviewed and discussed. Many microfluidic devices and components have been developed during the past few decades, as introduced earlier for various applications. The design and development of microfluidic devices still depend on the specific purposes of the devices (actuation or sensing) due to a wide variety of application areas, which encourages researchers to develop novel, purpose-specific microfluidic devices and systems. Microfluidics is the real multidisciplinary research field that requires basic knowledge in fluidics, micromachining, electromagnetics, materials, and chemistry for better applications. Among the various application areas of microfluidics, one of the most important application areas is the lab-on-a-chip system. Lab-on-a-chip is becoming a revolutionary tool for many different applications in chemical and biological analyses due to its fascinating advantages (fast and low cost) over conventional chemical or biological laboratories. Furthermore, the simplicity of lab-on-a-chip systems will enable self-testing capability for patients or health consumers overcoming space limitation.
Microfluidics covers the science of fluidic behaviors on the micro/nanoscales and the engineering of design, simulation, and fabrication of the fluidic devices for the transport, delivery, and handling of fluids on the order of microliters or smaller volumes. It is the backbone of the BioMEMS (Biological or Biomedical Microelectromechanical Systems) and lab-on-a-chip concept, as most biological analyses involve fluid transport and reaction. Biological or chemical reactions on the micro/nanoscale are usually rapid since small amounts of samples and reagents are used, which offers a quick and low cost analysis. A fluidic volume of 1 nanoliter (1 nl) can be understood as the volume in a cube surrounded by 100 µm in
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9.2
Materials for Microfluidic Devices and Micro/Nano Fabrication Techniques .......................................... 9.1.1 Silicon ........................................ 9.1.2 Glass .......................................... 9.1.3 Polymer ......................................
254 254 254 255
Active Microfluidic Devices ..................... 257 9.2.1 Microvalves ................................. 258 9.2.2 Micropumps ................................ 260
9.3 Smart Passive Microfluidic Devices.......... 9.3.1 Passive Microvalves ...................... 9.3.2 Passive Micromixers...................... 9.3.3 Passive Microdispensers ................ 9.3.4 Microfluidic Multiplexer Integrated with Passive Microdispenser .......... 9.3.5 Passive Micropumps ..................... 9.3.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Passive Microfluidic Approach ....................................
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9.4 Lab-on-a-Chip for Biochemical Analysis........................ 270 9.4.1 Magnetic Micro/Nano Bead-Based Biochemical Detection System........
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