Microporous Polymeric Spheres as Highly Efficient and Metal-Free Catalyst for the Cycloaddition of CO 2 to Cyclic Organi
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Microporous Polymeric Spheres as Highly Efficient and Metal‑Free Catalyst for the Cycloaddition of CO2 to Cyclic Organic Carbonates at Ambient Conditions Shunmin Ding1 · Ling Sun1 · Xiaohua Ma1 · Dan Cheng1 · Shaohua Wu1 · Rong Zeng2 · Shengjun Deng1 · Chao Chen1 · Ning Zhang1 Received: 6 February 2020 / Accepted: 1 April 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The cycloaddition of CO2 with epoxides to cyclic organic carbonates using metal-free heterogeneous catalysts is considered as a 100% atom-economic and environmental-friendly route for CO2 utilization. Herein, we developed a metal-free microporous polymeric spheres catalyst (p-TBIB) by a simple Friedel–Crafts alkylation and applied in the cycloaddition of C O2 to cyclic organic carbonates. The catalyst shows high C O2 uptake (62.7 cm3 g−1, at 298 K and 1 bar), high selectivity over N 2 (46 at 298 K) and perfect cycloaddition activities (66–97%) and selectivities (over 99%) and reusability (at least ten cycles) at ambient conditions (at 298 K and 1 bar). Graphic Abstract
Keywords Carbon dioxide · Cyclic organic carbonates · Heterogeneous catalysis · Microporous polymeric spheres · Metalfree
1 Introduction Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10562-020-03206-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Shunmin Ding [email protected] * Rong Zeng [email protected] * Chao Chen [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
Carbon dioxide ( CO2) emission is widely recognized as a main cause of greenhouse effect that leads to global warming. Concurrently, it is also regarded as an attractive renewable carbon resource with abundant, nontoxic, cheap, and nonflammable nature [1–3]. In recent years, numerous pioneering studies have been undertaken on the utilization of CO2 to high-value organic products. In terms of “environmental-friendly chemistry” and “atom economy”, the cycloaddition of C O2 with epoxides is a promising route to
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produce cyclic organic carbonates, which are widely used as aprotic polar solvents, electrolytes, monomers for polymers, fine chemical intermediates, etc. [4–6]. In the past decades, numerous homogeneous catalysts [5–15] such as organocatalysts [5, 7, 8], metal salen complexes [6, 9–11] and metalloporphyrins complexes [12–15] are developed for this purpose. Although some of them exhibit high activities for the reaction, the catalysts are not easily separated from the catalytic system and reused. To solve the drawback, heterogeneous catalysts especially porous materials based heterogenous catalysts [16–24], such as nanoporous polymers, nanoporous polymers metalled catalysts and metalorganic frameworks (MOFs) have been developed. Though the heterogeneous catalysts are ease of purification and recycle, most of them perform under rigorous temperatures, drastic CO2 pressures. Only a few heterogeneous catalysts [17–2
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