Microsensors for Sediments, Microbial Mats, and Biofilms
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MICROSENSORS FOR SEDIMENTS, MICROBIAL MATS, AND BIOFILMS
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MICROSENSORS FOR SEDIMENTS, MICROBIAL MATS, AND BIOFILMS Dirk de Beer Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
Synonyms Amperometry; Diagenesis; Diffusion-reaction; Microelectrode; Microenvironment; Potentiometry Definition Microsensors are needle-shaped sensors (Figure 1) that can be inserted in biologically active matrices, such as sediments, to measure directly concentrations of certain compounds. Introduction In sediments, microbial mats, and biofilms steep gradients of substrates and products develop, due to high metabolic activities and mass transfer limitations (see Chapters Biofilms; Microbial Mats; Sediment Diagenesis – Biologically Controlled). Stratifications of microenvironments develop that determine the existence and activity of microbial consortia. For example, in active biofilms oxygen can penetrate less than 50 µm (de Beer et al., 1994c; de Beer et al., 1993), in sediments oxygen penetrates typically less than 2 mm (de Beer, 2001; Jørgensen and Revsbech, 1985; Meyers et al., 1987; Revsbech,
Microsensors for Sediments, Microbial Mats, and Biofilms, Figure 1 Left panel, microsensors for oxygen (left sensor), for pH (middle), and for H2S (right sensor). The right panel zooms further in on the tip of an oxygen sensor, showing the goldplated electrode behind a silicon membrane, the ticks on the ruler are 1 mm.
1983; Sorensen et al., 1981; Sweerts and de Beer, 1989). Below the oxic zone anaerobic microbial processes can occur, such as denitrification
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