Microstructure of uniaxially fatigued thermally aged vulcanised natural rubber filled with cerium oxide
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Microstructure of uniaxially fatigued thermally aged vulcanised natural rubber filled with cerium oxide Wuwei Duan1 · Yanping Wang1 · Chongrui Ji1 · Zhe Zhang2 · Xu Chen2 · Jianjun Liu1 · Zheng Pan1 · Yu Qiao1 Received: 28 May 2020 / Accepted: 21 September 2020 © The Malaysian Rubber Board 2020
Abstract The effects of a cerium oxide ( CeO2) filler on the fatigue properties of heat-aged vulcanised natural rubber (NR) were tested and analysed. The vulcanised NR specimens, filled and unfilled with C eO2, were heat-treated for 24 h. Uniaxial fatigue tests were performed on the two specimens under different strain amplitudes, and the microstructures of the fracture surfaces of the specimens were analysed using scanning electron microscopy. The results show that filling with C eO2 improves both the ageing resistance and fatigue resistance of the material. Notably, CeO2 has good dispersibility in the matrix, improves the internal network structure of the rubber, and enhances the interactions between the molecular chains of the rubber. The fatigue fracture surfaces of both materials have a fish-scale-like appearance, indicating ductile fracture, but the C eO2-filled heat-aged vulcanised NR has a smoother surface, better wettability of the filler, and longer fatigue life. Keywords Rubber · Cerium oxide · Heat ageing fatigue · Microstructure
Introduction Rubber products are often placed under complex, cyclical stress conditions for extended periods, and in the process, they are easily affected by internal and external environmental factors. Ageing degrades the performance of the rubber and gradually causes it to lose its use-value. Consequently, it is important to study the thermal ageing and fatigue resistance of rubber materials. To modify rubber materials, it is of great importance to investigate the fatigue damage mechanism due to ageing, fatigue life, and fatigue characteristics to ensure the safety and reliability of rubber products during their use [1, 2]. In recent years, some research progress has been made on the fatigue properties and ageing resistance of rubber materials [3–11], but researchers are still seeking to further improve the fatigue and ageing resistance of rubber materials through modifications with fillers [12]. Le Cam et al. [13] studied the fatigue microdamage of carbon-black-filled * Yanping Wang [email protected] 1
School of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, China
School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
2
vulcanised natural rubber (NR) under uniaxial and multiaxial loading. Their results showed that the fracture morphology formed by crack growth exhibited fish-scale-shaped protrusions and stripes. These authors [14] used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to observe the micromorphology of the NR during crack propagation, which revealed that peeling between the zinc oxide filler and the rubber matrix was the main factor leading to fatigue failure. Liu et al. [15] used carbon black
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