Mindfulness as a Moderator in the Relation Among Core Belief Disruption, Rumination, Posttraumatic Symptoms, and Growth
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Mindfulness as a Moderator in the Relation Among Core Belief Disruption, Rumination, Posttraumatic Symptoms, and Growth Ayperi Haspolat 1 & Okan Cem Çırakoğlu 2 Accepted: 21 September 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Objectives In the present study, we tested moderated mediation models where the moderator role of mindfulness and its subscales has an indirect effect of core belief disruption (CBD) on posttraumatic symptoms (PTS) and posttraumatic growth (PTG) through intrusive (IR) and deliberate (DR) ruminations. Methods Two hundred forty-six individuals, ages ranging between 19 and 77, with traumatic experiences participated in the study. The data were collected by Traumatic Experience Screening List, Core Beliefs Inventory (CBI), Impact of Event ScaleRevised Form (IES-R), Event-Related Rumination Inventory, Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), and Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). Results The moderator role of mindfulness was supported both for PTS and PTG. The analysis indicated that the indirect effect of CBD on PTS only through IR was moderated by mindfulness total score (MF-T) and nonreactivity (NR) subscales. The analysis revealed that the MF-T × IR interaction effect was statistically significant. The interaction effect was significant for only low and medium levels of MF-T. When the model was analyzed for PTG, it was observed that the indirect effect of CBD on PTG through IR and DR was moderated significantly only for describing (DES) subscale of mindfulness. In addition, the DES × IR interaction effect was significant only for medium and higher levels of DES. It was also observed that the DES × DR interaction effect was significant only for medium and high levels of DES. Conclusions Mindfulness and its components should be taken into consideration when assessing posttraumatic symptoms and growth. Keywords Posttraumatic symptoms . Posttraumatic growth . Core beliefs . Ruminations . Mindfulness
In DSM-5 (APA 2013), traumatic events are also comprised of “exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence” (p. 271). Trauma is also conceptualized as events that threaten physical, emotional, and behavioral integrity, cause severe feelings of helplessness, and shatter individual’s beliefs about the controllability and predictability of the world (Herman 2015). As a result of being exposed to single or multiple traumatic events, learning that a close person had such an experience or repetitive and intensive exposure to the
* Okan Cem Çırakoğlu [email protected] 1
Psychological Counseling and Guidance Center, Çankaya University, Ankara, Turkey
2
Department of Psychology, Başkent University, Ankara, Turkey
details of the event may cause posttraumatic symptoms (PTS), including hyperarousal, intrusive thoughts, dissociation reactions, avoidance of reminders of the traumatic event, negative cognition, and mood changes (APA 2013). In addition, traumatic events may disclose positive changes, conceptualized a
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