Miniaturized electrochemical platform with ink-jetted electrodes for multiplexed and interference mitigated biochemical
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Miniaturized electrochemical platform with ink‑jetted electrodes for multiplexed and interference mitigated biochemical sensing Jaligam Murali Mohan1 · Khairunnisa Amreen2 · Arshad Javed1 · Satish Kumar Dubey1 · Sanket Goel2 Received: 19 April 2020 / Accepted: 5 June 2020 © King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology 2020
Abstract Development of miniaturized devices has yielded many advantages, such as automation, portability and robustness. Out of several detection schemes, electrochemical sensing is the preferred choice due to its selectivity, accuracy and repeatability. In the present work, a miniaturized three-electrode electrochemical device has been fabricated on a glass substrate using inkjet printing of carbon conductive inks for sensing of xanthine (X), hypoxanthine (HX) and uric acid (UA). Hereby, the electroactive graphitized mesoporous carbon modified on conductive carbon paste acted as working electrode. The electrochemical behaviors of these purines were tested using cyclic voltammetry and squarewave voltammetry (SWV). The morphology and structural properties were characterized using scanning electron microscopy. Under the optimized conditions, the linear ranges for X, HX and UA were 2–12, 10–20 and 1–7 µM, respectively. The limit of detections for all these purines are 3.33, 9.99 and 0.01 µM for X, HX and UA, respectively. The developed platform was also utilized for interference with other coexisting bio-chemicals manifesting negligible interference. Further, the platform was successfully tested with human serum samples for X, HX and UA detection. Conclusively, the modified electrodes showed excellent reproducibility and specificity applicable to real samples. Keywords Miniaturized devices · Ink-jet printing · Multiplexed electrochemical sensing · Purines
Introduction Electrochemical sensing can definitely be benefited with the usage of 3D printing technologies due to ease of fabrication, cost-effectiveness and reproducibility. For a customized, intricate measurement systems with great versatility, 3D printing, ink-jetting which combines both ink chemistry and printers has led to a bio-electrochemical sensor fabrication approach which is rapid, simple, low cost and efficient for mass production of electrochemical devices (Komuro et al. 2013; Jeerapan and Poorahong 2020; Wang et al. 2016). Some previous works have been reported using inkjet * Sanket Goel [email protected]‑pilani.ac.in 1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
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printing on various substrates (Rosati et al. 2019). Gold nanoparticles ink electrodes printed by inkjet printing were used to sense potassium ferricyanide (Deng et al. 2014). A paper based platform for the detection of Fe2+ and dopamine us
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