Modification of Mineral Surfaces and Microstructures
The modification of mineral surfaces and microstructures is generally an effective method to change and/or tailor the adsorption performance of mineral adsorbents. In this chapter, the aims, principle processes and mechanisms of the modification methods,
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Abstract The modification of mineral surfaces and microstructures is generally an effective method to change and/or tailor the adsorption performance of mineral adsorbents. In this chapter, the aims, principle processes and mechanisms of the modification methods, including adsorption, intercalation, acid modification, thermal modification, grafting and coating, etching, etc., are summarized in detail. The characteristics of common modifying agents and their applications in the surface modification are also introduced. Finally, the commonly used measurements and/or evaluation methods for the surface modification of materials are listed. Keywords Modification Modifying agent
Surface Microstructure Adsorption performance
1 Introduction The surface properties, pore structure and chemical nature of mineral adsorbents generally determine their adsorption capability. The modification of mineral surfaces and microstructures is commonly conducted to improve or change their adsorption capacity and/or adsorption selectivity. The modification is generally implemented chemically, physically or by the combination of chemical and physical treatment to change the physicochemical properties of minerals purposefully. The main aims of modification of mineral surfaces and microstructures can be summarized as:
S. Bao (&) School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road 122, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 S. Song and B. Li (eds.), Adsorption at Natural Minerals/Water Interfaces, Engineering Materials, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54451-5_3
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(i) Modifying wettability (hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity); (ii) Modifying surface energy; (iii) Producing special functional groups at the surface for desired adsorption or reaction; (iv) Carrying out surface cross-linking for aimed purpose; (v) Modifying the surface morphology by altering surface crystallinity or roughness; (vi) Improving the chemical inertness, corrosion-resistant ability for example; (vii) Modifying physical properties, layer charge, specific surface area for example; (viii) Modifying the structure properties, such as basal spacing, pore size distribution. This chapter focuses on the representative modification methods for mineral surface and microstructure, such as adsorption, intercalation, acid modification, thermal modification, grafting and coating, etching. The aims, mechanisms and applications of these methods and commonly used modification agents for minerals surface have been comprehensively summarized.
2 Modification Methods for Mineral Surface and Microstructure 2.1 2.1.1
Adsorption Aims of Adsorption
Clay minerals have often been used in different industrial and technological processes due to their adsorbent properties [1]. However, natural clay minerals have a drawback in a manner that they contain inorganic cations in aqueous phase, which are strongly hydrated (2:1 phyllosi
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