Molecular epidemiology of GII noroviruses in outpatients with acute gastroenteritis in Shandong Province, China
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Molecular epidemiology of GII noroviruses in outpatients with acute gastroenteritis in Shandong Province, China Chengxi Sun1 · Yingjie Zhao2 · Gang Wang5 · Deyu Huang3 · Hong He4 · Lintao Sai5 Received: 4 August 2020 / Accepted: 3 September 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Noroviruses have been recognized as the most important causative agents of acute gastroenteritis. The present study was carried out to investigate the molecular epidemiological features of genotype II (GII) norovirus in outpatients with acute gastroenteritis in Shandong province in China from July 2017 to June 2018. In total, 151 (10.30%) samples were positive for NoV GII strains by RT-PCR. Eight genotypes were detected: GII.2, GII.3, GII.4, GII.6, GII.7, GII.12, GII.13 and GII.17. GII.4 (43.71%) was the most prevalent genotype, and the dominant strains belonged to the group of Sydney-2012 strains. GII.17 (27.15%), which has become the main cause of outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in China, also accounted for a high proportion. Meanwhile, three recombinant types (GII.P17-GII.7, GII.P3-GII.4 and GII.P12-GII.4) were observed and authenticated using Simplot software. The results showed that GII norovirus was the main cause of acute gastroenteritis in Shandong province. GII.4 and GII.17 were the dominant genotypes. Continuous observation and identification of emerging genotypes are necessary for understanding the evolution of the virus, control of infection, and development of vaccines.
Introduction
Handling Editor: Reimar Johne. Chengxi Sun and Yingjie Zhao are co-first authors. The nucleotide sequences reported in this study had been deposited in the GenBank database under the accession numbers MT825249-MT825550. * Lintao Sai [email protected] 1
Department of Clinical Laboratory, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Wenhua Xi Road 107, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
2
Department of Rheumatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Wenhua Xi Road 107, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
3
Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Jiangsu Road 16, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China
4
Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Jiangsu Road 16, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China
5
Department of Infectious Diseases, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Wenhua Xi Road 107, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is the second most common of all infectious diseases [1]. Noroviruses (NoVs), which are transmitted by contaminated food or water or person-toperson contact, have been recognized as the most significant pathogens causing non-bacterial AGE in both developed and developing countries across all age groups [2]. NoVs, which were first identified in 1972, are members of the family Caliciviridae. The NoV genome is a singlestranded, positive-sense RNA about 7.5 kb in length with three open reading frame
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