Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis via Ratio and Difference Judgement
The point of departure in the present book is that the decision makers, involved in the evaluation of alternatives under conflicting criteria, express their preferential judgement by estimating ratios of subjective values or differences of the correspondi
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Applicd Optimization Volume 29 Series Editors: Panos M. Pardalos University o f Florida, U.S.A. Donald Hearn University o f Florid¢t, U.S.A.
The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.
Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis via Ratio and Difference Judgement
by
Freerk A. Lootsma Delft University of l~,ctmolo~y. Delft, The Netherlands
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LONDON
A C.1.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 0-7923-5669-1
Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Sold and distributed in North, Central and South America by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, U.S.A. In all other countries, sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Printed on acid fi'ee paper
All Rights Reserved © 1999 Kluwer Academic Publishers No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner Printed in the Netherlands.
CONTENTS
Introduction 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.7
2
3
Alternatives, criteria, decision makers Objectives of MCDA Research in MCDA Taxonomy of decisions and decision makers Preference modelling Scope of the present volume The assignment of grades References to Chapter 1
1 3 4 6 7 9 11 12
SMART, direct rating
15
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8
15 18 25 28 32 36 41 46 48
The screening phase Categorization of a range Category scaling in various areas Assessing the alternatives, direct rating Criterion weights and aggregation The car selection problem Two environmental case studies Quality assessment of academic research References to Chapter 2
The AHP, pairwise comparisons
53
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4
53 58 64 69
Pairwise comparisons Calculation of impact grades and scores Criterion weights and aggregation A nomination procedure
3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8
Staff appraisal The original AHP Intransitivity, cyclic judgement, hierarchies MCDA in a decision tree References to Chapter 3
Scale sensitivity and rank preservation 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5
A one-parametric class of geometric scales Rank preservation of the scores Evaluation of Energy R & D areas Seriousness of diseases Arithmetic and geometric means References to Chapter 4
73 76 81 85 89 93 93 97 101 109 114 116
The alternatives in perspective
119
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5
119 125 128 130 134 136
A static perspective Visual perception and motor skills Colour perception An aesthetic pleasure? A coherent set of criteria References to Chapter 5
Group decision making
139
6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 65 6.6
139 142 146 150 150 I57 158
The anatomy of power Weighted judgement Scale values for relative power The house selection problem Searching a compromise solution Prospects for MCDA in groups References to Chapter 6
Resource allocation
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