Multichannel ECG and Noise Modeling: Application to Maternal and Fetal ECG Signals
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Research Article Multichannel ECG and Noise Modeling: Application to Maternal and Fetal ECG Signals Reza Sameni,1, 2 Gari D. Clifford,3 Christian Jutten,2 and Mohammad B. Shamsollahi1 1 Biomedical
Signal and Image Processing Laboratory (BiSIPL), School of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11365-9363, Tehran, Iran 2 Laboratoire des Images et des Signaux (LIS), CNRS - UMR 5083, INPG, UJF, 38031 Grenoble Cedex, France 3 Laboratory for Computational Physiology, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology (HST), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Received 1 May 2006; Revised 1 November 2006; Accepted 2 November 2006 Recommended by William Allan Sandham A three-dimensional dynamic model of the electrical activity of the heart is presented. The model is based on the single dipole model of the heart and is later related to the body surface potentials through a linear model which accounts for the temporal movements and rotations of the cardiac dipole, together with a realistic ECG noise model. The proposed model is also generalized to maternal and fetal ECG mixtures recorded from the abdomen of pregnant women in single and multiple pregnancies. The applicability of the model for the evaluation of signal processing algorithms is illustrated using independent component analysis. Considering the difficulties and limitations of recording long-term ECG data, especially from pregnant women, the model described in this paper may serve as an effective means of simulation and analysis of a wide range of ECGs, including adults and fetuses. Copyright © 2007 Reza Sameni et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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INTRODUCTION
The electrical activity of the cardiac muscle and its relationship with the body surface potentials, namely the electrocardiogram (ECG), has been studied with different approaches ranging from single dipole models to activation maps [1]. The goal of these models is to represent the cardiac activity in the simplest and most informative way for specific applications. However, depending on the application of interest, any of the proposed models have some level of abstraction, which makes them a compromise between simplicity, accuracy, and interpretability for cardiologists. Specifically, it is known that the single dipole model and its variants [1] are equivalent source descriptions of the true cardiac potentials. This means that they can only be used as far-field approximations of the cardiac activity, and do not have evident interpretations in terms of the underlying electrophysiology [2]. However, despite these intrinsic limitations, the single dipole model still remains a popular model, since it accounts for 80% to 90% of the power of the body surface potentials [2, 3]. Statistical decomposition techniques such as principal component analysis (PCA) [4–7], and more
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