Multifunctional role of brassinosteroid and its analogues in plants
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REVIEW PAPER
Multifunctional role of brassinosteroid and its analogues in plants Muhammad Altaf Hussain1 · Shah Fahad2,3 · Rahat Sharif4 · Muhammad Faheem Jan5 · Muhammad Mujtaba6 · Qasid Ali7 · Ali Ahmad8 · Husain Ahmad2 · Nooral Amin8 · Babatope Samuel Ajayo9 · Changbao Sun1 · Liya Gu1 · Ibrar Ahmad10 · Zhanmei Jiang1 · Juncai Hou1 Received: 15 April 2020 / Accepted: 25 July 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Brassinosteroids (BRs) are steroid hormones that are essential for plant growth and development. These hormones control the division, elongation and differentiation of various cell types throughout the entire plant life cycle. Over the past few decades, studies on BRs caught the attention of plant scientists due to their versatile ability in mitigating various environmental stresses. Additionally, BR also involved in maintaining the quality of postharvest produces, by enhancing their resistance against abiotic and biotic stress. Furthermore, BRs are non-toxic and eco-friendly; this aids its importance in coping with adverse environmental conditions without disturbing the balance of the ecosystem. Our review summarized the structural characteristic and distribution of BRs in plants, role in postharvest technology, biotic stress tolerance, improving resistance against pesticide, organic pollutant toxicity and nodule formation and mycorrhization. This review provides useful information on BRs and its effects on plant system that we believe could be useful in maintaining environmental sustainability. Keywords Brassinosteroid · Postharvest · Pesticide · Organic pollutant · Nodulation
Introduction Brassinosteroid (BRs) are endogenous phytohormones that promote plant growth by regulating various physiological process including male sterility and the timing of senescence (Bajguz 2007). BRs were first extracted from the pollen of rape plant and since then their role in plant physiology has Muhammad Altaf Hussain and Shah Fahad have contribured equally to this work.
been studied extensively (Grove et al. 1979). The phytohormone has also been detected in flower buds, pollens, fruit, seeds and leaves (Bajguz and Piotrowska-Niczyporuk 2014). These compounds exist in their conjugated form with fatty acids and sugar, in a free form or as glucosides and sulphates (Hayat et al. 2003; Bajguz and Hayat 2009; Fahad et al. 2014, 2016a, b, c, d) and are highly important for normal plant development (González-García et al. 2011). However, these phytohormones are especially important in situations
* Shah Fahad [email protected]; [email protected]
5
Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin 150030, China
* Juncai Hou [email protected]
6
Institute of Biotechnology, Ankara University, 06110 Ankara, Turkey
7
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University, 07059 Antalya, Turkey
8
National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
9
College of A
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