Multimodal and scale-sensitive assessment of sense of place in residential areas of Ankara, Turkey
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Multimodal and scale‑sensitive assessment of sense of place in residential areas of Ankara, Turkey Duygu Gokce1 · Fei Chen2 Received: 10 July 2019 / Accepted: 3 November 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract In order to make the phenomenological concept sense of place (SoP) pragmatic in design and planning, this research investigates the SoP indicators concerning spatial scales of the physical environment. Seven indicators are extracted from the literature, namely ‘place identity’, ‘place dependence’, ‘nature bonding’, ‘social bonding’, ‘sense of belonging’, ‘familiarity’ and ‘social interaction’. In this paper, their relevance was discussed against ‘place attachment’ which is used interchangeably with SoP in the literature. ‘Place attachment’ and the seven indicators were scored through interviews with residents in general and at the the building, street and neighbourhood scales, in six housing developments selected from Ankara, Turkey. The residents rated their experiences regarding a set of statements for each indicator using the seven-point Likert scale. The data sets then were validated statistically. The correlations between each indicator and ‘place attachment’ in general and at the three scales were identified. The results showed that ‘place identity’ and ‘place dependence’ were the most relevant indicators to SoP, at the street and neighbourhood scales in particular. The second most relevant indicators were ‘sense of belonging’ and ‘social bonding’ at the building and street scales and ‘social interaction’ at the street scale. The research suggests that these five indicators could be employed to evaluate SoP at all scales or guide place-making at a particular spatial scale in planning and design. Keywords Sense of place · Spatial scale · Place attachment · Residential environment · Ankara
* Fei Chen [email protected] Duygu Gokce [email protected] 1
Department of Architecture, Duzce University, Konuralp, Ciftepinarlar Mah. Turbe Sk. No: 7/1, Duzce 81060, Turkey
2
School of Arts, School of Architecture, University of Liverpool, Leverhulme Building, 19 Abercromby Square, Liverpool L69 7ZN, UK
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D. Gokce, F. Chen
1 Introduction The built environment is primarily shaped by design and planning actions today and affects human behaviours (Smith 2011). The physical spaces enable people to develop attachment, endow meanings and relate memories through activities and interactions, which makes spaces a place (Low and Altman 1992; Punter 1991; Relph 1976). Place-making through design and planning interventions is an important goal, particularly in the pursuit of the socio-cultural sustainability of the residential environments. SoP is an abstract concept affected by objective and subjective factors and thus hard to measure (McCrea et al. 2006; Raymond et al. 2017; Shamai and Ilatov 2005). This research puts forward a scale-sensitive approach to measure SoP in the residential areas to help designers and planners understand the relationship between the built environment and S
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