Multiresidue method for the determination of high production volume plastic additives in river waters
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Multiresidue method for the determination of high production volume plastic additives in river waters Gabino Bolívar-Subirats 1 & Montserrat Cortina-Puig 1 & Sílvia Lacorte 1 Received: 29 April 2020 / Accepted: 13 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The aim of this study was to develop a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS)based method for the multiresidue analysis of 21 plastic additives in river water. Analysed compounds included phthalates, benzophenone, bisphenol A and long- and short-chain alkylphenols (APs), which are of relevance because most of them are high production volume chemicals largely used in the plastic industry. These compounds can reach river waters due to direct discharge from wastewater treatment plants and leaching from plastic materials and microplastics present in rivers. In a first step, ionisation and acquisition parameters were optimised to obtain high sensitivity and structural information. Then, different solid-phase extraction cartridges and elution conditions were tested using Milli-Q and river water. With the optimised conditions, quality control parameters (recoveries, limits of detection, intra- and inter-day variability and blank contribution) proved that the method was accurate and selective for the trace monitoring of these compounds in river water. For nonylphenol, octylphenol and bis(2ethylhexyl)phthalate, included in the Water Framework Directive, limits of detection were below environmental quality standard concentrations considering blank contributions. All other compounds were efficiently detected at trace levels, and focus was given to o- and p-substituted and di- and tri-substituted APs, which are first reported in the present study. A pilot survey was finally carried out to determine the occurrence of plastic additives in river waters surrounding the city of Barcelona. Keywords Plastic additives . Surfactants . Lubricants . High production volume chemicals . Water, extraction . LC-MS/MS
Introduction Plastic additives consist in a group of chemicals added to plastics to improve or modify their properties. Plasticisers are among the most used plastic additives, followed by flame retardants, pigments and antioxidants, among other types. Phthalates comprise approximately 90% of the global plasticiser production (Plastic additives for polymers 2017) and are widely used in the polymer industry to improve flexibility, workability and general plastic handling properties. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and bis(2ethylhexyl)adipate (DEHA) are produced at 10,000– 100,000 tonnes/year in the European Union for the manufacture of polyvinylchloride (PVC) and other polymers, and recently, they are being replaced by acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) because of the Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues * Sílvia Lacorte [email protected] 1
Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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