Multivariate assessment of atmospheric deposition studies in Bulgaria based on moss biomonitors: trends between the 2005
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Multivariate assessment of atmospheric deposition studies in Bulgaria based on moss biomonitors: trends between the 2005/2006 and 2015/2016 surveys Gergana Hristozova 1,2,3
&
Savka Marinova 1 & Oldřich Motyka 4,5 & Vladislav Svozilík 3,6 & Inga Zinicovscaia 3,7
Received: 4 April 2020 / Accepted: 2 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This study aims to investigate the changes in atmospheric deposition trends in Bulgaria, studied using the moss biomonitoring technique since 1995. For the first time, a paired (site-wise) comparison was performed after a critical review of the sampling networks and adjusting for location, the distance between the sampling points, and moss species. Data from the 2005/2006 and 2015/2016 moss surveys were chosen as instrumental neutron activation analysis was employed in both to determine the content of 34 elements (Al, As, Ba, Br, Са, Ce, Cl, Со, Cr, Cs, Fe, Hf, I, K, La, Mn, Na, Nd, Ni, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sr, Ta, Tb, Th, Ti, Tm, U, V, W, Yb, Zn). In addition, Cd, Cu, and Pb were determined using complementary analytical methods: inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy in 2015/2016 and atomic absorption spectroscopy in 2005/2006. For the subset of 57 routinely sampled locations in Bulgaria, hierarchical clustering on principal components and multiple factor analysis (MFA) were applied to assess the spatial trends in the 10 years elapsed between the surveys, as well as to characterise the origin of the determined elements. Elevation and distance between the sampling points were used as additional variables in the multiple factor analysis plane to ascertain their effect on the overall variance in the datasets. Distribution maps were constructed to illustrate the deposition patterns for the pollutant Pb. The results were consistent with decreased industrial output in the country, increased coal combustion and transport pollution, and construction of roads. Keywords Multiple factor analysis . Metals . Pollution . Atmospheric deposition . Moss . Biomonitoring . Bulgaria . GIS
Introduction Moss biomonitoring, ICP vegetation Mosses have been used as passive bioindicators for metal accumulation from atmospheric deposition in terrestrial
ecosystems since the late 1960s (Rühling and Tyler 1968). Their widespread application in biomonitoring surveys owes to the fact that essential nutrients are primarily obtained through wet and dry deposition. The lack of advanced root system warrants negligible substrate uptake, and the absence of vascular tissue ensures that nutrients are not redistributed
Responsible Editor: Gerhard Lammel Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10005-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Gergana Hristozova [email protected] 1
Faculty of Physics and Engineering, Paisii Hilendarski University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
2
Agricultural University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
3
Sector of Neutron Activation Ana
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