N, P-co-doped carbon dots as a dual-mode colorimetric/ratiometric fluorescent sensor for formaldehyde and cell imaging v
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ORIGINAL PAPER
N, P-co-doped carbon dots as a dual-mode colorimetric/ratiometric fluorescent sensor for formaldehyde and cell imaging via an aminal reaction-induced aggregation process Jian Qu 1 & Xin Zhang 1
&
Yifan Liu 1 & Yichao Xie 1 & Jiawei Cai 1 & Guojin Zha 2 & Su Jing 2
Received: 24 December 2019 / Accepted: 17 May 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Novel colorimetric and ratiometric fluorometric dual-mode N, P-co-doped carbon nanodots, BPEI-CDs, for highly sensitive and selective detection of formaldehyde (FA) were successfully prepared from N-(phosphonomethyl)iminodiacetic acid (PMIDA) and branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI). The treatment of FA caused a remarkable linear enhancement of ratiometric fluorescence (F501 nm/F408 nm) in a wide range of 0–40 μM with a detection limit (LOD) of 0.47 μM (3σ/k), along with distinct color changes from colorless to light yellow. Mechanistic study shows that this electron-rich system, formed by the cooperative roles of N and P, promoted the FA-induced Schiff bases formation reaction, which contributed to the CD aggregation-induced emission (AIE) “turn-on” response and enhancement of π-conjugation-induced bathochromic behaviors. Furthermore, N, P-co-doped BPEI-CDs were successfully applied to the determination of FA in bean sprout samples. Using the standard addition method, the recoveries ranged from 96.9 to 101.8%, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was in the range 2.23 to 3.21%. The application for intracellular FA sensing further verified that this novel nanoprobe may offer a new venue for the design of simple, low-cost, and sensitive biosensors. Keywords Dual-mode sensor . Colorimetry/ratiometric fluorescence . N, P-co-doped carbon dots . Formaldehyde . Cell imaging
Introduction Formaldehyde (FA) plays crucial roles in biological metabolism [1]. It is generated endogenously in the cytoplasm, nucleus, and organisms and functions as an active element for diverse biological events [2]. However, aberrant level environment exposure to FA is detrimental and even severely im-
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-020-04337-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Xin Zhang [email protected] * Su Jing [email protected] 1
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, People’s Republic of China
2
School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, People’s Republic of China
pairs the central nervous system and increases the carcinogenic risk [3]. Therefore, assays for accurate detection of FA in a complex environment are critical and urgent. Optical methods, especially fluorometry, have been considered as ideal analytical elements due to their unique advantages, such as noninvasiveness, real-time determination, and low cost [4–6]. Recently, a number of semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) and organic and organometallic small molecula
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