Label-free chlorine and nitrogen-doped fluorescent carbon dots for target imaging of lysosomes in living cells
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Label-free chlorine and nitrogen-doped fluorescent carbon dots for target imaging of lysosomes in living cells Shuai Chang 1 & Bin Bin Chen 1 & Jian Lv 1 & Essy Kouadio Fodjo 1 & Ruo Can Qian 1 & Da Wei Li 1 Received: 9 April 2020 / Accepted: 23 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Lysosomes with a single-layered membrane structure are mainly involved in the scavenging of foreign substances and play an important role in maintaining normal physiological functions of living cells. In this work, near-neutrally charged fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) were prepared with lipophilicity through a facile one-pot hydrothermal carbonization of chloranil and triethylenetetramine at 160 °C for 3 h. The as-obtained CDs are proved to have good photostability, low cost, and excellent biocompatibility. Importantly, the as-prepared CDs with high quantum yield of 30.8% show excitation-dependent emission with great stability, and thus, they can be well used for the long-term target imaging of lysosomes in living cells without further modification. Meanwhile, the CDs can quickly enter into the lysosomes within 30 min, and the green fluorescence (FL) of CDs reaches the plateau when incubated for 60 min. By comparing the fluorescent intensity, the information about distribution and amount of lysosomes in different cells can be obtained. The proposed CD-based strategy demonstrates great promise for labelfree target imaging of lysosomes in living cells. Keywords Carbon dots . Chlorine and nitrogen doping . Lysosomes targeting . Long-term imaging . Living cells
Introduction Lysosomes with a single-layered membrane structure are important organelles containing an abundance of hydrolases [1–3]. Due to their function in foreign substance scavenging, these lysosomes play important roles in maintaining normal physiological activities of living cells [4]. Abnormal variations in lysosomes may lead to various diseases such as inflammation, Alzheimer’s disease, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-020-04412-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Ruo Can Qian [email protected] * Da Wei Li [email protected] 1
Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Joint International Laboratory for Precision Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology & Dynamic Chemistry, and School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
[5–7]. Accordingly, precise imaging of lysosomes is crucial in exploring the physiological activities of living cells. Two types of main probes have been employed to label lysosomes, including fluorescent dyes (such as LysoTracker Red and LysoTracker Green) and fluorescent nanomaterials (such as quantum dots and silica-doped nanoparticles) [8]. For commercial dyes, they not only ar
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