Nano-sulfated zirconia catalyzed biodiesel production from tannery waste sheep fat
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ADVANCES AND CHALLENGES FOR SUSTAINABLE ECOCSYSTEMS
Nano-sulfated zirconia catalyzed biodiesel production from tannery waste sheep fat Vijaya Kumar Booramurthy 1 & Ramesh Kasimani 2 & Sivakumar Pandian 3
&
Balasubramanian Ragunathan 3
Received: 11 March 2019 / Accepted: 3 February 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This study makes use of tannery waste to produce biodiesel using a nano-sulfated zirconia catalyst (ferric-manganese-doped sulfated zirconia). It was through a modified wetness impregnation method that the catalyst was prepared which was then characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The catalytic property of the synthesized catalyst was determined by using it to produce biodiesel from tannery waste sheep fat. A study was carried out to find the effect of the different parameters affecting the process. Optimized conditions of 15:1 methanol to fat molar ratio and catalytic loading of 8 wt% at 65 °C with a stirring rate of 400 rpm for a reaction duration of 300 min gave a maximum yield of 98.7 wt%. The performance of the catalyst during recycling was analyzed by conducting reusability study. The reused catalyst gives a maximum yield above 90 wt% up to five cycles with a catalyst recovery of 88 wt%. ASTM D6751 standard was used to compare the analyzed fuel properties of the biodiesel. Keywords Sulfated zirconia nano-catalyst . Wetness impregnation method . Transesterification . Reusability . Biofuel
Introduction Depleting fossil fuels and increasing greenhouse gas emission are great impediments to the preservation of the environment. A shift towards renewable energy can hugely reduce this impact. The only possible means to counter the increase in demand will be by the use of renewable energy obtained from biological sources. The major prospective liquid biofuels are biodiesel and bioethanol, between which, biodiesel is the only available alternate fuel for compression ignition engine. They are mono alkyl esters derived from vegetable oil or animal fat that are produced via esterification or/and transesterification Responsible editor: Ta Yeong Wu * Sivakumar Pandian [email protected] 1
Department of Petrochemical Engineering, RVS College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore 641402, India
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore 641013, India
3
Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Research, School of Petroleum Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar 382007, India
reactions (Rezania et al. 2019). Biodiesel is renewable, biodegradable, environment friendly, and non-toxic, and these are some of the key advantages. However, the higher cost of biodiesel is the biggest hurdle in its commercialization when compared with conventional petroleum-based diesel. An extensive use of low cost feedstocks such as waste cooking oil, non-edible vegetable oil, waste animal fat, and high-FFA vegetable oils,
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