Repeated Biodiesel Production from Waste Coffee Grounds via a One-step Direct Process with a Cartridge Containing Solid
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pISSN 1226-8372 eISSN 1976-3816
RESEARCH PAPER
Repeated Biodiesel Production from Waste Coffee Grounds via a One-step Direct Process with a Cartridge Containing Solid Catalysts Manufactured from Waste Eggshells Gahee Im and Sung Ho Yeom
Received: 29 September 2019/ Revised: 17 March 2020 / Accepted: 18 March 2020 © The Korean Society for Biotechnology and Bioengineering and Springer 2020
Abstract In this study, biodiesel was produced from waste coffee grounds (WCGs) using solid catalysts manufactured from waste eggshells (WESs). A one-step direct process (OSDP), comprising extraction of lipids from WCGs and simultaneous transesterification of these lipids with methanol in a reactor, was employed. To facilitate reuse of the solid catalysts, a cartridge containing the solid catalysts was devised and applied in the OSDP. The optimal reaction conditions of the OSDP with the cartridge were 100 wt% catalyst relative to WCGs, the mixture of 4.0 mL methanol and 4.0 mL n-hexane per gram WCG, 45°C, 9 h, and 200 rpm. Under these optimal conditions, an 8.7% biodiesel yield (g-biodiesel/g-WCGs) was achieved. Solid catalysts retained in the cartridge were successfully reused for seven rounds of repeated batch operation and, using this approach, a biodiesel yield exceeding 92% of that of the first batch operation was maintained. Keywords: biodiesel, cartridge, one-step direct process, reuse, solid catalysts, waste coffee grounds, waste eggshells
1. Introduction Biodiesel is a renewable, carbon-neutral, biodegradable, and non-toxic fuel, and it can be used in diesel cars without requiring engine modification [1,2]. Because biodiesel production has increased significantly in recent years, the prices of biodiesel feedstocks have also risen substantially Gahee Im and Sung Ho Yeom* Department of Biochemical Engineering, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Korea Tel: +82-33-640-2406; Fax: +82-33-641-2410 E-mail: [email protected]
[1-3]. In addition, since the use of edible and feed crops for fuel production may cause ethical controversy, non-edible and sustainable feedstocks, such as waste cooking oil, microalgae, and sewage sludge have been explored for the production of biodiesel [1-3]. Coffee is a produce that is traded internationally in large volumes, and the world’s coffee consumption is expected to reach 9.8 billion kg in 2018/2019, 198 million kg more than in the previous year [4]. In South Korea, 135.5 million kg of coffee was consumed in 2017/2018 compared to 104.9 million kg in 2012/2013, representing an annual growth of 5.3% [5]. Accordingly, the generation of waste coffee grounds (WCGs) has consistently increased, and research using WCGs as feedstock for biodiesel has also been reported [2,6,7]; these studies mainly adopted a twostep process (TSP) comprising lipid extraction from feedstock and subsequent transesterification of the lipids with methanol [2,6,7]. The TSP has been widely used in the actual biodiesel industry and has been shown to be a reliable method for stable and quality biodiesel pro
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