Nanobiosensors as new diagnostic tools for SARS, MERS and COVID-19: from past to perspectives
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Nanobiosensors as new diagnostic tools for SARS, MERS and COVID-19: from past to perspectives Riccarda Antiochia 1 Received: 11 July 2020 / Accepted: 21 October 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and novel coronavirus 19 (COVID19) epidemics represent the biggest global health threats in the last two decades. These infections manifest as bronchitis, pneumonia or severe, sometimes fatal, respiratory illness. The novel coronavirus seems to be associated with milder infections but it has spread globally more rapidly becoming a pandemic. This review summarises the state of the art of nanotechnologybased affinity biosensors for SARS, MERS and COVID-19 detection. The nanobiosensors are antibody- or DNA-based biosensors with electrochemical, optical or FET-based transduction. Various kinds of nanomaterials, such as metal nanoparticles, nanowires and graphene, have been merged to the affinity biosensors to enhance their analytical performances. The advantages of the use of the nanomaterials are highlighted, and the results compared with those obtained using non-nanostructured biosensors. A critical comparison with conventional methods, such as RT-PCR and ELISA, is also reported. It is hoped that this review will provide interesting information for the future development of new reliable nano-based platforms for point-of-care diagnostic devices for COVID-19 prevention and control. Keywords Nanobiosensor . Coronavirus . SARS . MERS . COVID-19 . Point-of-care diagnostics . Immunosensor . DNA-sensor . Nanomaterial
Introduction In the last two decades, we have witnessed the outbreak of three zoonotic, highly pathogenic human coronaviruses: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), named as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) by the International Committee of Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) [1–3]. Coronaviruses are a large family of enveloped, singlestranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that mostly infect animals, such as birds and mammals, but may “spill over” from the animal host to human populations. There are seven coronaviruses infecting humans, four of them cause mild infection in the upper respiratory tract, whereas three of them
* Riccarda Antiochia [email protected] 1
Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
(SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2) cause respiratory illnesses of varying severity, from the common cold to fatal pneumonia [4, 5]. Before SARS appeared, coronaviruses had never been particularly dangerous to humans, causing severe diseases only in animals [6]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the onset of the SARS epidemic occurred in Guangdong, China, in November 2002, followed by the worldwide spread of the virus with reported cases in 29 countries, including Canada and the USA. Ho
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