Immune Responses to SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2
The world has given an outbreak alarm in the last two decades, with different members of the coronavirus family infecting people at different times. The spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which last appeared in December 2019 in China and spread rapidly to al
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Immune Responses to SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 Nihal İnandıklıoğlu
Abstract
The world has given an outbreak alarm in the last two decades, with different members of the coronavirus family infecting people at different times. The spread of the SARS-CoV2 virus, which last appeared in December 2019 in China and spread rapidly to all over the world, has led the scientific world to studies on these viruses. While scientists are trying to develop vaccines or drugs against the virus, the body’s immune response to the virus is emerged the biggest guide. In this review, we aimed to provide a good view on immune strategies by comparing immunological responses to SARS-CoV-2 disease among other members of the family, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. In the near future, it may contribute to vaccine or drug studies to be developed on immune intervention. Keywords
Corona virus · Covid-19 · Immune response · Mers-CoV · Sars-CoV
N. İnandıklıoğlu Department of Medical Biology, Yozgat Bozok University Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat, Turkey e-mail: [email protected] T. Akkoc (*) Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey e-mail: [email protected]
and Tunc Akkoc
Abbreviations CoV +ssRNA βCoV SARS-CoV MERSCoV COVID-19 ACE2 CEACAM1 APN DPP-4 NK MCP-1 IP-10 or CXCL10 TGF-β TNF-α MIP-lα ISGs S N CRP
Corona viruses single-stranded positive RNA Betacoronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus Corona-virus disease 2019 angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 carcinoembryonic-antigen-related cell-adhesion molecule-1 aminopeptidase N dipeptidyl peptidase-4 natural killer monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 human interferon-inducible protein 10 tumor growth factor beta tumor necrosis factor alpha macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha IFN-stimulated genes spike protein nucleocapsid protein C-reactive protein
N. İnandıklıoğlu and T. Akkoc
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Introduction
Corona viruses (CoV; subfamily Coronavirinae, family Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales) are a quite large family of viruses containing a singlestranded positive RNA (+ssRNA) genome that typically causes cold (Woo et al. 2009). CoVs are subdivided into four genera; Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus (βCoV), Gammacoronavirus and Deltacoronavirus (Woo et al. 2012). A new type of βCoV, which showed up in Guangdong province of China in 2002 and threatened the whole world, spread to approximately 26 countries within a year, infecting more than 8000 people with a reported mortality rate of 10% (Peiris et al. 2003). After this virus, called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), a new type of βCoV was identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012. This virus, called Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERSCoV), spread to nearly 27 countries to date, affecting more than 2000 people, and the mortality rate was announced as 35% (Zaki et al. 2012; de Groot et al. 2013). In December 2019, SARS-CoV-2, also known as Corona-virus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has
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