Nanomaterial-Based Drug Delivery Carriers for Cancer Therapy
Nanomaterial-based drug delivery carriers have numerous advantages including increased solubility, prolonged circulation time, and improved biodistribution, by the utilization of the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect or active targeting to
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Nanomaterial-Based Drug Delivery Carriers for Cancer Therapy
3.1
Introduction
Standard chemotherapeutics usually suffer from several limitations, such as their toxicity, drug resistance, and low stability. In order to circumvent above limitations, nanomaterials have been used as promising candidates to deliver conventional therapeutics for cancer therapy in recent years. Nanomaterial-based drug delivery carriers have numerous advantages including increased solubility, prolonged circulation time, and improved biodistribution, by the utilization of the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect or active targeting effect to alter the uptake mechanism. Herein, we summarized different types of nanomaterial-based drug delivery carriers for cancer treatment including organic, inorganic, and organic– inorganic hybrid nanomaterials. It is believed that precisely designed nanomaterials will be the next-generation therapeutic agents for cancer theranostics.
3.2
Organic Nanomaterials
In this section, some representative organic nanomaterials, including FDAapproved liposomes, polymer-based nanoparticles, supramolecular nanosystems, and other organic nanoparticles are discussed for their applications as drug nanocarriers in cancer therapy.
3.2.1
FDA-Approved Liposomes
Currently, there are three liposome nanoparticles, i.e., Doxil, DaunoXome, and Marqibo, which were approved by FDA for cancer treatment (Table 3.1, © The Author(s) 2017 T. Feng and Y. Zhao, Nanomaterial-Based Drug Delivery Carriers for Cancer Therapy, Nanotheranostics, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-3299-8_3
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Nanomaterial-Based Drug Delivery Carriers for Cancer Therapy
Table 3.1 FDA-approved liposomes for cancer therapy. Reproduced with permission from reference (Dawidczyk et al. 2014) Platform
Drug
d (nm)
Drug/carrier ratio
Key design feature(s)
Problem addressed
Doxil
Doxorubicin
100
10,000– 15,000
Drug toxicity and adverse cardiac side effects
DaunoXome
Daunorubicin
50
*10,000
Lipid encapsulation for high drug/carrier ratio, polyethylene glycol coating to evade MPS, crystallization of drug in liposome minimizes escape during circulation No polyethylene glycol coating, targeted by MPS resulting in slow release into circulation
Marqibo
Vincristine
100
*10,000
No polyethylene glycol coating, targeted by MPS resulting in slow release into circulation
Drug toxicity and adverse cardiac side effects Drug toxicity and adverse cardiac side effects
Dawidczyk et al. 2014). Doxil is a PEGylated liposome with diameter about 100 nm encapsulating 10,000 DOX molecules (Barenholz 2012), which could decrease side effects like cardiotoxicity originated from DOX with high concentration. Most of the DOX in Doxil is in its solid phase and the drug concentration is beyond its solubility limit. The introduction of cholesterol in the bilayer of liposome increases the cohesiveness of bilayer and reduces the leakage of DOX, resulting in more than 98% of the circulating drug inside liposomes (Gabizon et al. 2003). Moreover, PEG coating can lead to
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