Nanoscale mechanical properties of chitosan hydrogels as revealed by AFM
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Nanoscale mechanical properties of chitosan hydrogels as revealed by AFM A. Ben Bouali1,2,3,5 · A. Montembault4 · L. David4 · Y. Von Boxberg2,3 · M. Viallon4 · B. Hamdi5,6 · F. Nothias2,3 · R. Fodil1,2,3 · S. Féréol1,2,3 Received: 17 July 2020 / Accepted: 8 October 2020 © Islamic Azad University 2020
Abstract In the context of tissue engineering, chitosan hydrogels are attractive biomaterials because they represent a family of natural polymers exhibiting several suitable features (cytocompatibility, bioresorbability, wound healing, bacteriostatic and fungistatic properties, structural similarity with glycosaminoglycans), and tunable mechanical properties. Optimizing the design of these biomaterials requires fine knowledge of its physical characteristics prior to assessment of the cell–biomaterial interactions. In this work, using atomic force microscopy (AFM), we report a characterization of mechanical and topographical properties at the submicron range of chitosan hydrogels, depending on physico-chemical parameters such as their polymer concentration (1.5%, 2.5% and 3.5%), their degree of acetylation (4% and 38.5%), and the conditions of the gelation process. Well-known polyacrylamide gels were used to validate the methodology approach for the determination and analysis of elastic modulus (i.e., Young’s modulus) distribution at the gel surface. We present elastic modulus distribution and topographical and stiffness maps for different chitosan hydrogels. For each chitosan hydrogel formulation, AFM analyses reveal a specific asymmetric elastic modulus distribution that constitutes a useful hallmark for chitosan hydrogel characterization. Our results regarding the local mechanical properties and the topography of chitosan hydrogels initiate new possibilities for an interpretation of the behavior of cells in contact with such soft materials. Keywords Atomic force microscopy · Chitosan hydrogel gelation · Young’s modulus distribution
Introduction R. Fodil and S. Féréol are contributing authors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s40204-020-00141-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * R. Fodil redouane.fodil@u‑pec.fr * S. Féréol sophie.fereol@u‑pec.fr 1
Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F‑94010 Creteil, France
2
CNRS UMR 8246, INSERM U 1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine NPS, F‑75005 Paris, France
3
Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, UM 119, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine IBPS, F‑75005 Paris, France
4
IMP, CNRS UMR 5223, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
5
LEPCMAE, USTHB, Bab Ezzouar, Alger, Algérie
6
LCVRM, ENSSMAL, Cheraga, Alger, Algérie
Regenerative medicine aims at restoring the function of lost, damaged, or diseased tissue through its replacement or regeneration. The development and use of biomaterials to achieve these objectives is a founding paradigm of tissue engineering and a fast-growing research axis (Kumar 2018; Me
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