Nature-Based Solutions to Mitigate Coastal Floods and Associated Socioecological Impacts
Despite its importance in supporting the global economy and to accommodate an ever-growing population at the coast, many of the coastal ecosystems such as mangroves, reefs, seagrass meadows, salt marshes and dunes had in the recent years an accentuated de
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ntents 1 Introduction 2 The Transition from Traditional to Nature-Based Coastal Flood Mitigation 3 Categorization of NBS for Coastal Flood Mitigation 3.1 NBS Type 1: Low Human Interventions 3.2 NBS Type 2: Medium Human Interventions 3.3 NBS Type 3: The Creation of New Ecosystems and Hybrid Solutions 3.4 Global Implementation of NBS in the Context of Coastal Flooding 3.5 Socioecologic Impacts of NBS 4 Challenges and Opportunities for the Implementation of NBS for Coastal Flood Mitigation 5 Concluding Remarks References
Abstract Despite its importance in supporting the global economy and to accommodate an ever-growing population at the coast, many of the coastal ecosystems such as mangroves, reefs, seagrass meadows, salt marshes and dunes had in the recent years an accentuated decrease in their coverage. The loss of coastal ecosystems, among other problems, leads to the loss of natural capacity for flood mitigation and coastal erosion. Since a considerable share of the coastal population is living in
M. Inácio, K. Mikša, E. Gomes, M. Kalinauskas, and P. Pereira (*) Environmental Management Laboratory, Mykolas Romeris University, Vilnius, Lithuania e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] D. Karnauskaitė Marine Research Institute, Klaipeda University, Klaipeda, Lithuania e-mail: [email protected] Carla S. S. Ferreira, Zahra Kalantari, Thomas Hartmann, and Paulo Pereira (eds.), Nature-Based Solutions for Flood Mitigation: Environmental and Socio-Economic Aspects, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_675, © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
M. Inácio et al.
flood-prone areas, the loss of capacity of the ecosystems to mitigate the impacts of floods and coastal erosion can increase the vulnerability to natural hazards such as storm surges, hurricanes and typhoons. This is especially relevant in a context of increasing sea-level rise and intensity and frequency of extreme weather events, both increasing the risk to lose lives and assets. Coastal flood mitigation has been done primarily through the use of hard grey infrastructures. However, these types of structures can have long-term impacts on coastal ecosystems, require continuous maintenance and, in the face of extreme events, may represent an inefficient way to prevent coastal degradation. This called the attention of scientists and decisionmakers towards the role of nature to mitigate the impacts of coastal floods through nature-based solutions (NBS). NBS, under the framework of ecosystem-based management, are interventions that aim to reduce the impacts of coastal flooding and erosion and simultaneously enhance ecosystems, biodiversity and natural resources. NBS can use (1) natural solutions (e.g. marine protected areas), (2) soft engineering and ecological restoration (e.g. beach nourishment) and (3) hybrid solutions, which integrate natural and grey infrastructures. Recently, NBS are gaining popularity and are part of coas
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