Network Theory and Violent Conflicts Studies in Afghanistan and Leba
This book offers a novel approach to understanding violence and violent conflict using complexity and network theories, borrowed from the natural sciences, together with social network analysis. Because violence is both a universal and central component o
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CHRISTIAN KRAMER
Network Theory and Violent Conflicts
Christian R. Kramer
Network Theory and Violent Conflicts Studies in Afghanistan and Lebanon
Christian R. Kramer Independent Scholar Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
ISBN 978-3-319-41392-1 ISBN 978-3-319-41393-8 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-41393-8
(eBook)
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016960331 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Cover image © Adrian Weston / Alamy Stock Photo Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
For Joanna
CONTENTS
1
1
Introduction
2
Networks, Complexity and International Relations
27
3
Networks and Violence
65
4
Disintegrative Violence
93
5
Lebanon
117
6
Afghanistan
153
7
Network-centric Peacebuilding
191
Index
227
vii
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
1
INTRODUCTION
What is most remarkable about the assassination of the former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri in February 2005 is not what happened, but what did not happen. Hariri was one of the country’s most influential politicians and wealthiest individuals—he was a central figure in the political and economic landscape of the nation. It would not have been surprising if his execution—by a suicide bomber using 1.8 tons of TNT, which not only killed Hariri but also resulted in the deaths of a further 22 innocent bystanders—triggered an immediate and severe violent backlash. The assassination could easily have triggered a chain of violent reactions, and Lebanon could have been plunged back into the all-out civil war that destroyed much of its urban centres between 1978 and 1990. The perpetrators have still not been identified—an incomplete and still on-going investigation into the incident is being run, not by Lebanese bodies but by a UN sp
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