Neuroimaging of Stroke and Ischemia in Animal Models
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Neuroimaging of Stroke and Ischemia in Animal Models Andre Obenaus & Stephan Ashwal
Received: 20 November 2011 / Accepted: 30 November 2011 / Published online: 10 December 2011 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011
Abstract Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has dramatically changed our ability to diagnose and treat stroke as well as follow its evolution and response to treatment. Early stroke and ischemia can be visualized using diffusion-weighted imaging that utilizes water diffusion within tissues as a reporter for evolving neuropathology that reflects cytotoxic edema, particularly during the first several days after injury. T2weighted imaging is used for evaluation of vasogenic edema but also is a reliable indicator of the volume and regional distribution of injured tissues. Perfusion-weighted imaging can be used to assess vascular function and also to evaluate potential tissues that might be rescued using therapeutic interventions (core vs. penumbra). Other imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance spectroscopy, diffusion tensor imaging, and susceptibility-weighted imaging are also being used to assist in rapid diagnosis of injured tissues following stroke. While visual analysis of MR data can provide some information
A. Obenaus (*) Non-Invasive Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiation Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11175 Campus St, CSPA1010, Loma Linda, CA 92324, USA e-mail: [email protected] S. Ashwal Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University, 11175 Campus Street, Rm A1120G, Loma Linda, CA 92324, USA A. Obenaus Department of Radiology, Loma Linda University, 11175 Campus St, CSPA1010, Loma Linda, CA 92324, USA A. Obenaus Department of Biophysics and Bioengineering, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
about the evolution of injury, quantitative analyses allow definitive and objective evaluations of the injury and could be used to assess novel therapeutic strategies. We review here the basic uses of neuroimaging, focusing on MR approaches to assess stroke and ischemic injury in animal models. Keywords Magnetic resonance imaging . T2 . Diffusion-weighted imaging . Spectroscopy . Diffusion–perfusion mismatch . Rodents
Introduction Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of acute ischemic stroke, clinically, is an important part of decision making in the evaluation of patient status and also guides the appropriate therapeutic intervention [1, 2]. Given MRI’s ability to visualize non-invasively the ongoing evolution of injury, its ability to “time” the stroke and use for monitoring treatment, it is an ideal clinical modality for assessing acute stroke. Clinically, structural imaging such as T1-, T2-weighted and fluidattenuated inversion recovery are used to assess vasogenic edema that occurs relatively late temporally. However, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and its quantitative indices, apparent diffusion coefficient maps (ADC), are routinely used to evaluate the ongoing acute (hours to days) evolution of stroke. More recently, a combination of DWI combined with perfus
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