Neurokinetics The Dynamics of Neurobiology in Vivo
Neurokinetics: The Dynamics of Neurobiology in Vivo summarizes 20 years of work on the kinetics of blood-brain transfer and metabolism mechanisms in mammalian brain. The substances affiliated with these mechanisms include glucose, amino acids, monocarboxy
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Albert Gjedde Dean F. Wong
William R. Bauer
Neurokinetics The Dynamics of Neurobiology In Vivo
ABC
Albert Gjedde Copenhagen University Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology 3 Blegdamsvej 2200 Copenhagen N Denmark [email protected]
Dean F. Wong Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions JHOC Bldg room 3245 601 N. Caroline St. 21287 Baltimore Maryland USA [email protected]
William R. Bauer 2053 Old Washington Road 21157 Westminster Maryland USA [email protected]
ISBN 978-1-4419-7408-2 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-7409-9 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-7409-9 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2010937988 c Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
Attempts to understand physiological processes by quantification and interpretation of observations made in vivo have challenged the biological and physical sciences for centuries. From the earliest physiological experiments in living organisms, the joint approaches of biology and physics to the discovery of these processes, from cells to humans, have yielded profound insights and have had a major impact on our understanding of all organ systems and on the modern practice of medicine as a whole. The work of Helmholz (1821–1894) is an example of the early merger of physics and biology that ultimately led to the most recent formulation of a systems biology approach that is no less than the quest for complete quantification of the dynamic processes of entire organisms and organs in health and disease, for example in the shape of the Physiome Project of Bassingthwaighte (2000) and the Blue Brain Project of Markram (2006). In this compendium, we focus on the dynamics of brain physiology in vivo from the perspective of the methods of tracer kinetics (neurokinetics). Applications of neurokinetics seek to measure the processes that take place in the tissue without disturbing these processes, and subsequently to map these measurements onto images of brain tissue. Applications of physiological kinetics (including neurokinetics) use “indicators” or markers, ranging from the dyes introduced at the dawn of experimental physiology, via stable (nonradioactive) or unstable (radioactive) isotopes introduced in the 1960s, to the most re
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