Neutrinos and Explosive Events in the Universe

“Neutrinos and Explosive Events in the Universe” brought together experts from diverse disciplines to offer a detailed view of the exciting new work in this part of High Energy Astrophysics. Sponsored by NATO as an Advanced Study Institute, and coordinate

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Sub-Series I. II. III. IV.

Life and Behavioural Sciences Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry Computer and Systems Science Earth and Environmental Sciences

IOS Press Springer (formerly Kluwer Academic Publishers) IOS Press Springer (formerly Kluwer Academic Publishers)

The NATO Science Series continues the series of books published formerly as the NATO ASI Series.

The NATO Science Programme offers support for collaboration in civil science between scientists of countries of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council. The types of scientific meeting generally supported are “Advanced Study Institutes” and “Advanced Research Workshops”, and the NATO Science Series collects together the results of these meetings. The meetings are co-organized by scientists from , NATO countries and scientists from NATO s Partner countries – countries of the CIS and Central and Eastern Europe. Advanced Study Institutes are high-level tutorial courses offering in-depth study of latest advances in a field. Advanced Research Workshops are expert meetings aimed at critical assessment of a field, and identification of directions for future action. As a consequence of the restructuring of the NATO Science Programme in 1999, the NATO Science Series was re-organized to the four sub-series noted above. Please consult the following web sites for information on previous volumes published in the Series. http://www.nato.int/science http://www.springeronline.com http://www.iospress.nl

Neutrinos and Explosive Events in the Universe edited by

Maurice M. Shapiro University of Maryland, College Park, U.S.A.

Todor Stanev Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, U.S.A. and

John P. Wefel Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, U.S.A.

Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Neutrinos and Explosive Events in the Universe

A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN-10 ISBN-13 ISBN-10 ISBN-13 ISBN-10 ISBN-13

1-4020-3747-3 (PB) 978-1-4020-3747-4 (PB) 1-4020-3746-5 (HB) 978-1-4020-3746-7 (HB) 1-4020-3748-1 (e-book) 978-1-4020-3748-1 (e-book)

Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

www.springeronline.com

Printed on acid-free paper

All Rights Reserved © 2005 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed in the Netherlands.

For Maurice M. Shapiro, who started this school, and without whom none of this would have been possible. T.S.&J.P.W.

Contents

Dedication

v

Preface

xi

Part I Contemporary Challenges in Astrophysics and Cosmology Outstanding Problems in Particle Astrophysics Thomas K. Gaisser

3

Constructing the Cosmos, from Sunboats to Superclusters Virginia Trimbl